The Significance of Animal Symbolism and its Effect on...

The Significance of Animal Symbolism and its Effect on Gender Role Throughout many ancient Greek texts, there are aspects of nature playing important roles in the main plot. Sometimes they assist the thesis through a metaphor or simile which better visualizes the authors true meaning. Lions have many different personality traits which make them extremely diverse creatures. This also promotes various applications to characters in literary works. In two works, the Oresteia by Aeschylus and Euripides Bacchae, we see a continuing line of examples of lion imagery. Alongside this literary aspect, the analysis of characters gender roles is possible. When observing these two concepts both individually and in conjunction with each†¦show more content†¦She is correctly associated with death. Arthur Keith correctly states that: The coming of gentle Helen to Troy and her change to Erinys, wreaking ruin upon the city, are represented by a long allegory of the young lion reared in a shepherds home which in time shows its innate savage nature (Keith 108). Helen also carries meaning in her name when observing the nomen/omen aspect of Greek literature. Her name is associated with the death of ships; she brings on destruction. Not only is Helen portrayed by this illustration of oncoming deceit, but also Agamemnon. He describes himself as the blood-thirsty lion who leapt over the walls and feasted on the blood of kings when speaking about the wooden horse in the Trojan War (lines 828-829). The soldiers hid within the horse and until it was inside Troys city walls, then they ransacked the numerous homes of their enemies. The images of Argive beast and ravening lion represent the soldiery concealed within the wooden horse (Keith 124). The mentioned act of cannibalism, or feeding on the blood of ones own people, is a common theme in association with Agamemnons family. His uncle, Thyestes, is known for eating his own children, and therefore bringing the unbreakable curse upon him and his family. Here, the meaning of Agamemnons words involves eating the flesh of his enemies. Clytemnestra is comparedShow MoreRelatedThe Merchant Of The Old Man And The Sea1096 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the role of the sea in The Old Man and the Sea? The rich waters of the Gulf Stream provides many animals/figures that the old man observes and greets. Through Santiago’s interactions with these figures, his character emerges. In fact, Santiago is so connected to these waters, which he thinks is cheerful as a sometimes fickle lover, that the sea acts almost like a lens through which the reader views his character. Santiago’s interaction with the weary warbler, for instance, shows not onlyRead MoreThe Secret Garden By Frances Hodgson Burnetts1601 Words   |  7 Pages Within Frances Hodgson Burnetts ‘The Secret Garden’ nurture is explored through the young protagonist, Mary Lennox, and the image of the garden itself. Through the image of the garden, nurture can be seen through its growth as well as its symbolism of motherhood. Although, the more obvious portrayal of how significant nurture is can be seen through the attitude of the protagonist and her journey from India to Yorkshire, and the events th at unfold. Throughout this essay I will explore the resultsRead MoreA Critical Review of Catalhoyuk: a Leopards Tale3659 Words   |  15 Pages(Copper Age) in 6000 BCE. The site is renowned for a number of reasons. It was an unusually large settlement for its age, extending over 13.5 hectares, housing thousands of people at a time. Nevertheless, its most striking feature is the degree of symbolism imbedded within the society which can be seen in wall art, burials and material culture. James Mellart discovered the site in 1958 and led excavations from 1961- 1965. In 1993, excavations were resumed led by Ian Hodder. The book reviewed is Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k:Read MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a play that makes tremendous contributions to the rise of international women’s liberation movements. Much significance of the play can be found in the characterization of its female protagonist Nora. In many aspects, Nora has become an iconic character, serving as a source of inspiration to various social and cultural movements. This essay aims to trace the development of Nora’s behavior from a â€Å"female doll† to a â€Å"woman rebel† by focusing on Ibsen’s use of linguisticRead MoreShort Story : N The Screen And Koons 1460 Words   |  6 Pagesartist. His influence in the art world is legendary and spreads out to all mediums and people in the industry. Known as the most controversial artist of the postwar era (Lestinsky, Lukas) Koons colorful reflective stainless steel blow up balloon animals have taken over multiple New York gallery s. His most famous one, Balloon Dog is his physiological representation of what a classic symbolic representation of a child s birthday party is. This particular dog has become the most expensive art workRead More Symbolism in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Essay example3841 Words   |  16 PagesDuring the late nineteen-forties, it was common for playwrights such as Tennessee Williams to use symbolism as an approach to convey personal thoughts, through the attitudes of the characters and the setting. Williams actors have used symbolism to disguise the actuality of their thoughts and to accommodate the needs of their conservative audience. A Streetcar Named Desire has a few complicated character traits and themes. Therefore, they have to be symbolised using figures or images Read MoreEssay on Like water for chocolate6961 Words   |  28 Pages20th century magical realism reared its head as an influential, if not genre, style of literature, usually Latin in origin. Distinct from realism, magical realism aims to seize the paradox of the union of opposites. The realistic laws of cause and effect are suspended: whereas events in realistic novels occur for reasons that are eventually made clear and lead logically to the conclusion of the plot, in magical realism events don’t follow these â€Å"normal† expectations so we often see things happeningRead MoreThe Analysis of the Mythic Dimension in ‘a Streetcar Named Desired’6094 Words   |  25 Pagesplays. The author’s revival of ancient myths and archetypes in Streetcar illustrates his professed belief in the collective unconscious as the source of his richly symbolic dramas. The conflict between the main characters is endowed with universal significance—the clash of two rival myths vying for dominance in Williams’s imagination. While Stanley Kowalski is presented as a modern day avatar of Dionysus, the amoral, primitive god of drink and fertility, Blanche DuBois’s descent into the underworld ofRead MoreThree Waves of Variation Study14802 Words   |  60 Pagesstudy of variation moved away from the study of social meaning, to focus on macro-sociological categories as they reveal (and structure) the spread of linguistic change through social space. This direction was consonant with the main concern for the role of varia tion in linguistic structure and change. In forty years, however, our understanding of variation has progressed sufficiently that we can – and need to – take the meaning of variation seriously once again. A new focus on meaning is particularlyRead MoreClueless a Transformation of Emma4584 Words   |  19 Pagesaccordingly. Social context refers to the life and relation of human beings in a community, how people interact with each other and the hierarchy/social circles. Historical context concerns the impact of a particular time period and what is expected of gender roles, sexuality, and etiquette. Finally, environmental context relates to setting, geographical location and surroundings. Camera shots, camera angles, camera movements, lighting procedures, the soundtrack, music, editing methods, narrative devices

The Actions And Speech Are Protected By The First...

One of the many battle grounds of debate in the U.S. currently is what actions and speech are protected by the first amendment. Since there is so much that is not directly defined in the Constitution, there is room for interpretation on whether or not certain it is protected by it. One topic in particular is supporting the terrorist group ISIS. ISIS is a group of Muslim extremist based out of Syria. Their goals are to create a radical extremist state, the caliphate, through religious violence (Abu Mohammed). This group has been shown many times on the news, either making threats or executing prisoners. They have been attacking people in the Middle East, and are now currently fighting a war against the U.S., England, and many other opponents to terrorism. Verbally supporting ISIS should not be protected by the U.S. Constitution, due to the violent and threatening nature of the group. Before the United States declared its independence from the British Empire, the colonies we under tigh t rule. Opposing the monarchy’s rules in any way could be considered treason. Also, there was no freedom to practice or express people’s own religions. Even the press was controlled by the monarchy’s say. The American people longed for a new system that allowed them to practice religion freely and not have to regulate their speech to conform to their government’s rules. This is one of the main reasons why the American Revolution occurred. After the colonies gained independence, they establishedShow MoreRelatedFreedom Of Speech By John Locke Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom of speech is the right given to all United States citizens to express their opinions openly, without having to fear legal punishment. However, the idea of this freedom goes back far before the United States was even declared an independent country. In the 16th century, European thinkers such as John Locke began to discuss freedom of speech as a basic human right, a necessity for a free and thriving society and a well governed country. In the United States, freedom of speech is split intoRead MoreIs Flag Burning Protected By The First Amendment?1617 Words   |  7 PagesBurning Protected by the First Amendment? Adriana Ramirez First Amendment Dr. Helen Boutrous December 8, 2016 Mount Saint Mary’s University The First Amendment says: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This freedom of speech clause as included in the First AmendmentRead MoreSpeech Free Speech On The Freedom Of Speech1380 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Amendment says: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This freedom of speech clause as included in the First Amendment guarantees the citizens of America to express information and ideas freely. But is all form of speech free? On the most basic level, this clauseRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Jeffery Heffernan s Speech1089 Words   |  5 Pagesnot expressing any political viewpoint or making a statement of speech. He claimed he had absolutely no political affiliation with this campaign and picked the sign up as an errand for his mother, as if he were picking up a quart of milk for her. Then, this man contradicts himself by going to the courts, saying his freedom of speech was violated. This man has no right to collect money from the city of Paterson for his freedom of speech that was never violated at all. Background: In 2006,Read MoreWe Must Stop Hate Speech1709 Words   |  7 Pagesturbulent tides of the 2016 election, the question of whether or not hate speech is protected under the First Amendment has been brought up multiple times. Hate speech is defined by the American Bar Association as â€Å"speech that offends, threatens, or insults groups, based on race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, disability, or other traits.† One side argues that hateful comments should not and are not protected due to the oppression they bring. After all, why would a nation that promotesRead MoreFederal District Court Alleging First Amendment Violations Against The Former Sheriff Of Paso County1507 Words   |  7 Pagesfiled in federal district court alleging first amendment violations against the former Sheriff of El Paso County, Terry Maketa, former Undersheriff, Paula Presley, as well as, the El Paso County Board of County Commissioners. It brings up a lot of interesting le gal issues regarding federal civil rights complaints that I think are important to discuss. The Law the Action is Brought Under The lawsuit is brought under 42 U.S.C.  § 1983. Section 1983, or civil actions for deprivation of rights, is an amendedRead MoreThe Flag Of The United States903 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States. However, these  flag desecration laws only lasted until 1989, because  in 1989, in the Texas v Johnson case,  the United States Supreme Court recognized that flag desecration as a form of symbolic political speech that is constitutionally protected by First Amendment and agreed that the â€Å"government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable†( ). In 1984, during the Republican National Convention in Dallas TexasRead MoreThe Case Texas V. Johnson782 Words   |  4 Pagesprevented the desecration of a venerated object. He was convicted, sentenced to one year in prison, and fined $2,000 (Texas v. Johnson (1989), Bill of Rights Institute) Johnson first appealed his conviction to the fifth Court of Appeals of Texas, arguing that his actions were â€Å"symbolic speech† protected by the First Amendment. However, he lost. Then he appealed the case to Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the court overturned his conviction. And it asked the Supreme Court to hear the case (Texas vRead MoreFree Speech : A Free Society975 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Free Speech in a Free Society The United States Constitution granted citizens of the United States several basic liberties. The Bill of Rights 10 which is amendments guaranteeing basic individual protection such as freedom of speech and of religion–became part of the Constitution in 1791 (history.com). While most rights are accepted and welcomed in colleges and universities, free speech comes with limitations. The First Amendment to the US Constitution states: Read MoreThe First Amendment : The Second Amendment1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe First Amendment The first amendment is one of the most used amendments today. Everyone in the world uses it and sometimes takes advantage of it and most times uses it when needed to. The Bill Of Rights was created on December 15th of 1779 and was created to make some rules in the future because no one had the freedom to do anything. Most were punished if they spoke their opinion, they did not even have the right to choose their own religion. But that all changed when James Madison wrote the Bill

Essay about Analyse the Benefits of Internet Marketing to...

Analyse the benefits of internet marketing to customers M1 There are a lot of benefits the customers enjoy when they do their shopping online, such as: Cheaper and More Flexible If the customers do their shopping online from this they can save the travel cost and less time; if customers go to the shop, they have to look around for the product they want to buy but online it’s just one click of a button. If they look at the ASOS website its very straightforward and eye catching for the customer who doesnt know who to use a computer would easily be able to use the website for their shopping. If still the customer cant find the things they are looking for they can find that by writing in the search engine: At ASOS†¦show more content†¦Instead of visiting a number of different retail outlets, the user simply has to open different window tabs to compare prices or features of the product/service they wish to purchase. Many retailing websites offer the facility where different products they sell can now be easily compared. There is also price comparison websites that customers can use to get the best possible price for their products. ASOS don’t compare the prices but the consumer can check that on number of the websites and compare the price the product they went to buy. For example http://www.twenga.co.uk Track your purchase Consumers have to pay for their product /service before they receive it. It is important that consumers feel reassured when this happens. ASOS websites allow consumers to track their purchase from order, dispatch to transportation before delivery to their home address. Again this reassures the consumer and makes them feel that they are obtaining a good service online. All the customers have to do is login and all the information will be there on the screen. ASOS also send their customer e-mail about the product they order without the customers asking for it. Being up to date Another benefit the consumer get when they use intetnet for their shopping is that they receive e-mail about the latest product the website they used is offering. At ASOS they send e-mail to their customers about there new ranges and the deal the have for theShow MoreRelatedRole Internet Marketing1165 Words   |  5 PagesUnit Unit 12 Internet Marketing in Business Assignment Title Marketing Online Issue Date Monday 10th March Hand In Date Friday 30th May Students Name Class Lecturer Neil Gow Assessment Criteria achieved P1 M1 D1 P2 M2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Learning Outcomes 1. Know what role internet marketing has within a modern marketing context 2. Understand the benefits of internet marketing to customers 3. UnderstandRead MoreUnit 12 Assingment Brief2815 Words   |  12 PagesInvestigating Internet Marketing Guided learning hours : 60 Teacher K. Eckmeyer Issued : February 2011 Table of content Unit abstract 3 Content 3 Learning outcomes 3 Due Dates: 3 Scenario 3 P-1 Describe what role internet marketing has within a modern marketing context 3 P-2 Describe the principal benefits of internet marketing to customers 3 M-1 Analyse the benefits of internet marketing for customers 3 D-1 Evaluate the effectiveness of internet business 3 P-3 The benefits andRead MoreUnit 4835 Words   |  4 Pagesoperational issues in relation to the use of business information | P7 | Outline electronic and non-electronic methods for communicating business information, using examples for different types of audience | M1 | Analyse different types of business information and their sources | M2 | Analyse the legal ethical and operational issues in relation to the use of business information, using appropriate examples | D1 | Evaluate the appropriateness of business information used to make strategic decisionsRead MoreEssay about 10.1 Market Research2160 Words   |  9 PagesConclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 7. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Assessment activity 10.1 P1, P2 M1 Two major developments in the first decade of the 21st century were the widespread use of the Internet and the growth of high street coffee shops such as Starbucks and Costa Coffee. A business opportunity that combines these two ideas is to set up a town centre coffee shop that offers wireless Internet connection, computer terminals and good-quality coffee. An entrepreneur has asked you to carryRead More2014 15 Assignment4484 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿ The Campion School Assignment Front Sheet Learner name Assessor name N Bailey Date issued Completion date Submitted on September Qualification Unit number and title L3 BTEC National Diploma in Business (Marketing) UNIT 1: The Business Environment Assignment title Working at Business Review In this assessment you will have opportunities to provide evidence against the following criteria. Indicate the page numbers where the evidence can be found. Criteria reference To achieve the criteriaRead MoreAnalysis of Caffe Nero Essay4351 Words   |  18 PagesTable of contents 1. Introduction 2. Marketing Environment Audit i. Internal and External Audit ii. Competition iii. SWOT analysis 3. Marketing Objectives i. SMART goals 4. Marketing Strategy and Tactics i. Segmentation a) Segmentation b) Targeting c) Positioning ii. Ansoff growth theory iii. Porter’s generic strategy iv. Tactics a) The seven Ps b) Kotler’s seven Cs 5. Evaluation 6. Appendixes 1. Introduction Gerry Ford founded Caffe’ Nero in 1997. Caffe’ Nero isRead MoreCase Study Questions On Marketing Process Essay9933 Words   |  40 PagesAnswer Sheet Task 1 (L.O.1: L.O.1: 1.1, 1.2 and M1, M2 D1) L.O.I: 1.1 MARKETING PROCESS DEFINITION: The Marketing Process is an Audit, a process by which a company or organisation understands and establishes the wants and needs of customers, how they can identify theses needs and how they are able to satisfy theses needs of customers. The Market Process aligns the needs of customers with their requirements; they then introduce various products into the market place in order to satisfy thoseRead MoreUnit 4 P1 M1 Essay2780 Words   |  12 Pagesspeech, for most people talking is the most comfortable way of communication and also one of the first ways we learn to communicate. The NHS will use verbal communication on a daily basis as staff will be booking in appointments and speaking to the customers if they need any help. The staff need to speak to each other, keeping each other up to date and passing on important information. A Doctor patient relationship is somewhere verbal communication is key, the patient will need to clearly explain whatRead MoreApple Inc. Marketing Functions and Strategy6459 Words   |  26 PagesApple Inc. marketing functions and strategy Module Code: 203MKT Module Title: Marketing Management Lecturer: Ng Siah Heng Group members: LE THI DOAN QUYNH G1148492T RACHELLE BENGALA F2302665K WU YONGXIN G0948676W JIANG ZHIQIAN G1327308T Apple Inc. marketing functions and strategy Module Code: 203MKT Module Title: Marketing Management Lecturer: Ng Siah Heng Group members: LE THI DOAN QUYNH G1148492T RACHELLE BENGALA F2302665K WU YONGXIN G0948676W JIANG ZHIQIAN G1327308T Read MoreUnderstanding Retailing Assignment 16019 Words   |  25 Pagesthat buys goods which are sold in considerable vast quantities. The items are bought from the manufacturers and they are then sold to consumers. The retailer’s bulk buys their items and breaks down into quantities that are deemed suitable for the customers to buy at a larger price than the cost. The retail industry that exists in the UK is huge because in the year 2010 the sales were recorded at being over  £293 billion. The reason why this particular industry is important to the British economy

American Imperialism And The Laguna Pueblo History

Events that occur throughout a period of time have an interesting effect on the people, places, and landscapes around it. In the course of history, particularly the history of North American Indigenous Peoples, we can see how events have influenced their way of life. Since the arrival of Europeans in North America, it is easy to notice how a singular event can cause shifts within indigenous cultures, communities and the landscape. Although shifts within and between cultures and communities can be good, the shifts Native Americans faced with the arrival of Europeans were usually not. For centuries Natives struggled to preserve their lands, culture, and people as they were slowly being assimilated into the new Euro-American way of life and colonization. In this, we can not only see the works of Euro-American hegemony but also the fight of Natives to defend and protect their cultural sovereignty. Throughout the course of this essay I am going to explore the ways in which Euro-Am erican hegemony and the fight to preserve culture relate to the Laguna-Pueblo history in the novel, Ceremony, by Leslie Marmon Silko. The novel, Ceremony, takes place in the early 19th century in the southwest United States. We meet the main character Tayo who is half white and half Laguna-Pueblo. His mother had an affair with a white man and left Tayo to be raised by his aunt when he was four. When we first meet Tayo he has recently returned to the reservation after World War II and isShow MoreRelatedThe Philippine Architecture: Spanish Colonial Period18287 Words   |  74 Pageswealth. Expansion of territory can lead to more power and much money. Having superiority was the main aim of the Spaniards; it was obviously proven through their motto: â€Å"God. Gold. Glory†. History plays a very important role to know more about the intent of the Spaniards in colonizing our island. Without the history, the intent of colonizing the pearl of the orient would not be clear. Here are some of the Historical events in Europe that can describe and show the intent of the Spaniards in the colonization

SOR Theory Related to Store Image and Emotions of Consumers

Question : Discuss about the Examine S-O-R Theory ? Answer : Introduction Salesperson or sales associate is a strong feature that influences consumers decision process. This paper examines the concepts and theories related to sales associate and the fashion retailing industry in Singapore. This paper aims to examine S-O-R theory related to store image and emotions of consumers. The purpose of this study is to investigate several aspects of sales associate such as behaviour, appearance and dress that affect purchasing behaviour(Sellerberg Leppanen, 2014). The store image and ability for building loyalty highly depends on the attributes of sales associate. Clothing is a significant part of the sales associates appearance as it plays a critical role in translating meanings like mood, identity and attitude. Therefore, this paper identifies the ways in which sales associates appearance influences consumer purchase behaviour(Yeung Ang, 2015). This literature review is based on previous studies and literature. The S-O-R framework is reviewed after constructing a conceptual framework of salesperson appearance cues in the retail environment. A sales associate or salesperson is an individual who helps the customers in picking items for the customers to purchase(Sellerberg Leppanen, 2014). Purchase intention can be defined as the willingness of an individual to purchase a certain product or service.It was argued that the consumers form a perception of the sales assistant in the early stages of communication or interaction.The sales assistants provide personalized service that impacts the consumers perception(Cervellon Coudriet, 2013).The consumers prefer to buy products from a store where the physical appearance of sales assistants is good.The sales success or purchase intention of a customer depends on the different personality types.Several researchers show interest in the retail environments using the S-O-R framework. Sales Associate in Fashion Retailing A sales associate or salesperson is an individual who helps the customers in picking items for the customers to purchase. In fashion and clothing industry, the sales associate play a crucial role in converting desire of the customers into sales(Choi, Lee, Hwang, 2014). They behold the responsibility to ensure high level of customer satisfaction by providing excellent customer service(Sellerberg Leppanen, 2014). Further, the sales associate assesses customer needs and provide information about the apparels or other fashionable items as required assistance(Sachdeva Goel, 2015). The sales associates welcome customers by greeting them and answering their queries. As the customers have queries regarding price, cloth features and specifications while purchasing items, the sales associate must be able to promptly resolve their queries and complaints(Kim Kim, 2014). Clothing as a Nonverbal Communication Cue Zarley Watson and Yan (2013) argue that nonverbal communication influences a customers behaviour. Nonverbal communication is defined as sending and receiving messages without using words. The psychological studies conducted in the 1960s investigated the effect of clothing on interpersonal behaviour (Sellerberg Leppanen, 2014). Several researchers explored the effects of clothing and appearance on social interaction. It is argued that fashionable clothing has greater impact on consumers than the unfashionable clothing (Malik, 2015). It was further argued that sales assistant wearing attractive clothes had more positive interactions with the clients than the ones wearing outdated clothing (Sellerberg Leppanen, 2014). The personal traits were perceived as the sales assistants wearing casual, conservative, dressy or daring styles (Das, 2014). According to a study conducted by Mafini and Dhurup (2014) in South Africas clothing industry, it was analysed that staffs are a major influence for the consumer purchasing behaviour. It was argued that the consumers form a perception of the sales assistant in the early stages of communication or interaction(Sellerberg Leppanen, 2014). The author further argues that the right relationship between sales assistant and client must be established in the beginning so that it is easier to understand customers expectations in a better way(Petersson McIntyre, 2013). Furthermore, the client satisfaction rate in the clothing industry is evoked by the salesperson as the emotions induced enhance the shopping experience resulting in purchase(Sellerberg Leppanen, 2014). Therefore, the consumers emotions needs to be determined by the clothing sales associate as they can help improve the sales approach by eliciting the correct emotions and promoting purchase satisfaction (Leathers, 2015). Figure 2: Influence of Sales Assistant Clothing on Purchase Behaviour Source: Mafini and Dhurup (2014) As shown in the above figure, female consumers have interest in fashion. This study by Mafini and Dhurup (2014) focuses and lays emphasis on female consumers only. The next important component of the study is sales assistant or associate. It is argued that the South Africas clothing retailers have modified their image much more than what was expected of them. The clothing retailers such as Woolworths, Edgars, Truworths have made efforts to sustain in the market (Lunardo, Bressoles Durrieu, 2016). The sales assistants provide personalized service that impacts the consumers perception. The authors Mafini and Dhurup (2014) argue that the sales assistants physical appearance affects customers perception. The sales assistants are judged on their physical appearance as they have certain impact on consumers emotions(Chan, Cheung, Lee, 2017). The positive impact on emotions might lead to purchasing decision(Sellerberg Leppanen, 2014). According to a study conducted by Lunardo, Bressoles and Durrieu (2016), the way store employees dress up or appear socially influences purchase intention. The study considers a simple example where appearance is linked with expression of social identity. It was found that formal business wear of employees were perceived by the consumers as conservative and professional (Lunardo, Bressoles Durrieu, 2016). It is argued that the appearance and clothing not just attract customers, but also influences the store image. The consumers prefer to buy products from a store where the physical appearance of sales assistants is good (Sellerberg Leppanen, 2014). Personality Traits In the previous studies, it has been assessed that there are academicians and practitioners who aim to develop a long-term relationship between the buyers and sellers of fashion wear in Singapore. One of the key subjects that can be focused in research is relationship quality (Tabasum, Rabbani, Muhammad Asif, 2015). The scholars have started to investigate multiple factors of success and failure in relationship between buyers and sellers. The sales associates have been recognized for their limited role in building long-term relationship with their customers (Lunardo, Bressoles Durrieu, 2016). Relationship managers are the salespeople being involved in relationship marketing. Customer-oriented behaviours help in enhancing long-lasting behaviour between buyers and sellers. Therefore, it is necessary to appoint the right sales associate for building long-term relationship for the businesses (Hall, Ahearne, Sujan, 2015). It is argued that individual personality traits are crucial in influencing buyer-seller relationship(Chan, Cheung, Lee, 2017). The personality of the sales associate helps in building relationships while making frequent negotiations on quantity, price, delivery, quantity and product specifications (Lunardo, Bressoles Durrieu, 2016). Therefore, the literature shows a link between personality and purchasing behaviour. The main question arising from this analysis is- which personality traits have a significant impact on buyer seller relationships(Tabasum, Rabbani, Muhammad Asif, 2015)? Furthermore, the literature proposes good customer relationships in which the sales associate and customers interact often (Mullins et al., 2014).. The sales associate is encouraged to treat customers at their best. There are multiple approaches for studying personality and the most common method is trait theory (Tabasum, Rabbani, Muhammad Asif, 2015). According to the trait theory, it is argued that the salespersons personalities affect their performance. The sales success or purchase intention of a customer depends on the different personality types. According to Miao and Wang (2016), there are personality classifications that influence customer purchase intention. The Big Five Framework argues that there are differences between individuals that can be categorized into extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness and emotionally stable (Lunardo, Bressoles Durrieu, 2016). It is argued that the personality traits of these sales associates are crucial in influencing cust omer purchase decision(Chan, Cheung, Lee, 2017). Even though the sales associates use same level of work, tools and propensity, not all of them are successful. According to the evidences gathered from literary sources, the personalities of these sales associate help in determining success (Mullins et al., 2014). Therefore, the above literature indicates that sales associate personality positively impacts customer purchase decision. Personality traits positively impacts customer perception and influences sales. S-O-R Model Several researchers show interest in the retail environments using the S-O-R framework. The framework was developed by Mehrabian and Russell's that is based on the preposition that the situation on behaviour is influenced and mediated by emotional responses(Mazaheri, Laroche, Ueltschy, 2014). The emotional reactions are identified as connotative, affective and feeling responses that are transformed into behavioural response. The three basic dimensions of emotional responses are recognized as pleasure, dominance and arousal (Miniero, Rurale, Addis, 2014). According to Bakker et al., (2014), pleasure is an emotional state of satisfaction, contentment and happiness. It is a positive reinforcement and liking approach where the latter responses are determined by the arousing quality of stimulus. Arousal is defined as a state indicating how wide awake an organism is and the responsiveness to act. It is activity-oriented in nature (Peng Kim, 2014). Lastly, dominance can be defined as reflection to the extent where a person feels overpowered or in full control by the internal and external environment. If the level of dominance is high, the individual shall be highly submissive. It is argued that the above identified emotions lead to avoidance behaviour where the individuals may be willing to step out of the environment (Mazaheri, Laroche, Ueltschy, 2014). However, they may also be influenced where the individuals would be willing to interact and explore with the environment. In this study, the S-O-R framework shall explore perceived relati onships between appearance of sales associate and clients emotion. The sales associates appearance is considered as stimuli, store image and positive or negative emotions can be considered as organism and purchase is considered as response(Tabasum, Rabbani, Muhammad Asif, 2015). Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of S-O-R Model Source: (Kim, Ju, Johnson, 2009) Stimuli A stimulus can be defined as the events or occurrences in the environment of an organism that influence its behaviour. The appearance of sales associates is considered as stimulus in the fashion retail environment. According to an experimental design, it was shown that professional appearance is considered as important to service perception. In the study, the undergraduate students were shown of different store environments(Chang et al., 2014). In one case scenario, the sales associates were wearing professional apron and greeted their clients well. However, the other case had casual wear rather than a professional apron. Moreover, they did not greet the customers. Therefore, the students found the first case scenario having better interpersonal service quality than the latter one. Another research was conducted where the undergraduate students were shown pictures of banking environment. The interaction between customer at bank and banker was observed where the bankers were either dr essed in casuals or a business suit(Cervellon Coudriet, 2013). The results suggested that the customers had higher expectations when they saw bankers in business suit. Therefore, the purchase intention was higher in comparison with the bankers wearing casuals(Kim, Ju, Johnson, 2009). Organisms The organisms refer to the internal structure and processes that have been studied in the retail environments involve positive and negative human emotions. This can be well explained using an example of a child who loves to play video games. He seeks pleasure as the stimulus while he plays it. However, when he does not listen to his mother and making her angry, this response is considered as a feedback(Chan, Cheung, Lee, 2017). Therefore, the child shall now associate playing video games for long hours as fearful whenever her mother is present and the mental state shall lead to avoidance. Associating this concept with sales associates, it is argued that the appearance of salesperson influences emotions of customers. The customers emotions or sentiments are increased based on the salespersons appearance. It may be romantic or excited in nature. The studies reveal that a properly dressed salesperson is the most influential in affecting customers emotions(Kim, Ju, Johnson, 2009). Responses The responses refer to the reaction of the individuals based on the organism. The authors have investigated the effect on salespersons appearance on several behavioural responses. However, not much research has been conducted on it. As stated in the earlier discussion, the dress worn by the salesperson influence purchase intention of the customers. The age of consumers influence the sales associates clothing type response(Chan, Cheung, Lee, 2017). Not just sales associates clothing, but the customers appearance also influences salesmans behaviour. It was found that when the customers were well dressed looking fashionable and attractive, the salesperson were friendlier. However, the customers who were not dressed well received poor customer service in the retail industry. The consumers prefer to buy products from a store where the physical appearance of sales assistants is good (Kim, Ju, Johnson, 2009). Sales Associate Appearance and Purchase Purchase intention can be defined as the willingness of an individual to purchase a certain product or service. The purchase intention is a dependent variable that is dependent on internal as well as external factors. However, Choi, Yang, and Yoon (2014) define purchase intention as a measure of the strength of ones intention to perform a specific behaviour or make the decision to buy a product or service. Actual purchase can be defined as an act of acquiring a product or service. It is argued that the actual purchase involves an entire process where the consumers make decision (Millan Reynolds, 2014). The emotions of consumers resulting from clothing sales assistants shall influence purchasing decision. The retailer shall lose or gain purchase emotions based on the organisms. The perception and susceptibility is influenced by the sales assistant. The behaviour of fashion retailers in Singapore before and after purchase is linked with consumers behaviour. For example, female clothing consumers in Kazakhstan expect the input of the sales assistant when they are unsure or are shopping alone, which will influence their purchasing decision (Tantanatewin Inkarojrit, 2016). The decision-making process of individuals is preceded, determined, and followed by the mental (such as service evaluation) and physical activities (such as talking to salespeople) of which purchasing behaviour consists (Shahin Sharifi, 2014). Several authors argue that appearance does not impact the business. However, the studies haveshown that salesman have higher impact on the sales and revenue (Blzquez, 2014). The studies have suggested that the buyers judge appearance of salesman. It is argued that physical quantities such as sound health, posing posture, pleasant voice and alluring appearance have a significant impact on consumer emotions. As argued by Kim, Ju, and Johnson (2009), if the salesmen are in sound health, they shall have a good physique. As the salesmen provide quality services to the clients, their posing posture makes a huge difference. The posture refers to the standing position of the salesmen when sit or move about. A good posture gives the customers positive impression and high level of confidence (Blzquez, 2014). As opined by Seo and Lee (2015), the salesmen are in direct contact with the customers and they beliee in creating the first impression as it is the last impression. The salesmen having a neat and tidy appearance is more likely to succeed in the career. His cleanliness and grooming guarantees good health. Therefore, the customers are more likely to purchase clothes from the sales associate who have good hygiene. According to Ballantine, Parsons, and Comeskey (2015) , the sales associate who have dirty hands, bad body odour and bad breath are unattractive and customers would not choose to purchase fashionable products from them. The salesmen must not wear too gaudy and expensive cothes. The dress must be selected as per their sales career. Simple and smart dresses shall depict a good taste of clothing. The consumers prefer to buy products from a store where the physical appearance of sales assistants is good (Chan, Cheung, Lee, 2017). Conclusion The results of this research state that S-O-R model is consistent with environmental psychology. The above literature provides a taxonomy of appearance aspects that is a foundation for future research on salesperson cues in fashion retail environment in Singapore. The link between appearance of salesperson and their behaviour is shown. From the above findings and results, it is evident that the appearance and clothing of sales associate influence purchase behaviour. The consumer emotions and responses are dependent of the appearance of sales person. As the customers have queries regarding price, cloth features and specifications while purchasing items, the sales associate must be able to promptly resolve their queries and complaints.It is argued that fashionable clothing has greater impact on consumers than the unfashionable clothing.The author further argues that the right relationship between sales assistant and client must be established in the beginning so that it is easier to understand customers expectations in a better way.The sales assistants are judged on their physical appearance as they have certain impact on consumers emotions. The consumers prefer to buy products from a store where the physical appearance of sales assistants is good.The sales associates have been recognized for their limited role in building long-term relationship with their customers.It is argued that the personality traits of these sales associates are crucial in influencing customer purchase decision. It is argued that the identified emotions- pleasure, dominance and arousal lead to avoidance behaviour where the individuals may be willing to step out of the environment.In this study, the S-O-R framework shall explore perceived relationships between appearance of sales associate and clients emotion.The students found the store having professional apron better interpersonal service quality than the one wearing casual. Not just sales associates clothing, but the customers appearance also influences salesmans behaviour. Therefore, the customers are more likely to purchase clothes from the sales associate who have good hygiene. It is argued that the store image influences customer loyalty. Store image plays a significant role in fashion retailing.Store atmosphere determines to a large extent how consumers feel and behave in a shop. The emotions of consumers resulting from clothing sales assistants shall influence purchasing decision. References Bakker, I., van der Voordt, T., Vink, P., de Boon, J. (2014). Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance: Mehrabian and Russell revisited.Current Psychology,33(3), 405-421. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9219-4 Ballantine, P., Parsons, A., Comeskey, K. (2015). A conceptual model of the holistic effects of atmospheric cues in fashion retailing.International Journal Of Retail Distribution Management,43(6), 503-517. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-02-2014-0015 Blzquez, M. (2014). Fashion Shopping in Multichannel Retail: The Role of Technology in Enhancing the Customer Experience.International Journal Of Electronic Commerce,18(4), 97-116. https://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jec1086-4415180404 Cervellon, M. Coudriet, R. (2013). Brand social power in luxury retail.International Journal Of Retail Distribution Management,41(11/12), 869-884. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-01-2013-0016 Chan, T., Cheung, C., Lee, Z. (2017). The state of online impulse-buying research: A literature analysis.Information Management,54(2), 204-217. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.06.001 Chang, S., Chih, W., Liou, D., Hwang, L. (2014). The influence of web aesthetics on customers PAD.Computers In Human Behavior,36, 168-178. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.050 Choi, J., Lee, K., Hwang, S. (2014). The effects of service education and empowerment for sales person of fashion companies on customer orientation, job performance and job satisfaction.The Research Journal Of The Costume Culture,22(1), 28-41. https://dx.doi.org/10.7741/rjcc.2014.22.1.028 Choi, Y., Yang, S., Yoon, S. (2014). The Effect on Korean Consumers' Brand Preference, Trust and Purchase Intention for Donation Amount Information of Luxury Fashion Brands.Fashion Business,18(6), 19-37. https://dx.doi.org/10.12940/jfb.2014.18.6.19 Das, G. (2014). Linkages of retailer personality, perceived quality and purchase intention with retailer loyalty: A study of Indian non-food retailing.Journal Of Retailing And Consumer Services,21(3), 407-414. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.11.001 Hall, Z., Ahearne, M., Sujan, H. (2015). The Importance of Starting Right: The Influence of Accurate Intuition on Performance in SalespersonCustomer Interactions.Journal Of Marketing,79(3), 91-109. https://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jm.13.0505 Kim, J. Kim, J. (2014). Making customer engagement fun: Customer-salesperson interaction in luxury fashion retailing.Journal Of Fashion Marketing And Management: An International Journal,18(2), 133-144. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-04-2013-0050 Kim, J., Ju, H., Johnson, K. (2009). Sales associate's appearance: Links to consumers emotions, store image, and purchases.Journal Of Retailing And Consumer Services,16(5), 407-413. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2009.06.001 Leathers, D. (2015).Successful nonverbal communication(1st ed.). NY: Routledge. Lunardo, R., Bressoles, G., Durrieu, F. (2016). The interacting effect of virtual agents gender and dressing style on attractiveness and subsequent consumer online behaviour.J. Retail. Consum. Serv,30, 59-66. Mafini, C. Dhurup, M. (2014). Assessing Consumer Purchasing Decision Styles: An Empirical Investigation From South Africa.International Business Economics Research Journal (IBER),13(4), 679. Malik, N. (2015). STORE IMAGE ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING RETAIL SHOPPING PREFERENCE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY.Journal Of Advances In Business Management,1(3), 237-246. https://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jadbm/2015/27 Mazaheri, E., Richard, M., Laroche, M., Ueltschy, L. (2014). The influence of culture, emotions, intangibility, and atmospheric cues on online behavior.Journal Of Business Research,67(3), 253-259. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.05.011 Miao, C. Wang, G. (2016). The differential effects of functional vis--vis relational customer orientation on salesperson creativity.Journal Of Business Research,69(12), 6021-6030. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.05.017 Millan, E. Reynolds, J. (2014). Self-construals, symbolic and hedonic preferences, and actual purchase behavior.Journal Of Retailing And Consumer Services,21(4), 550-560. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.03.012 Miniero, G., Rurale, A., Addis, M. (2014). Effects of Arousal, Dominance, and Their Interaction on Pleasure in a Cultural Environment.Psychology Marketing,31(8), 628-634. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.20723 Mullins, R., Ahearne, M., Lam, S., Hall, Z., Boichuk, J. (2014). Know Your Customer: How Salesperson Perceptions of Customer Relationship Quality Form and Influence Account Profitability.Journal Of Marketing,78(6), 38-58. https://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jm.13.0300 Peng, C. Kim, Y. (2014). Application of the Stimuli-Organism-Response (S-O-R) Framework to Online Shopping Behavior.Journal Of Internet Commerce,13(3-4), 159-176. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2014.944437 Petersson McIntyre, M. (2013). Commodifying passion: The fashion of aesthetic labour.Journal Of Cultural Economy,7(1), 79-94. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2013.851029 Sachdeva, I. Goel, S. (2015). Retail store environment and customer experience: a paradigm.Journal Of Fashion Marketing And Management: An International Journal,19(3), 290-298. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-03-2015-0021 Sellerberg, A. Leppnen, V. (2014). The contradictory role of the sales assistant: superordination and subordination.International Journal Of Work Organisation And Emotion,6(4), 352. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwoe.2014.068040 Seo, J. Lee, K. (2015). Fashion retail store facades and the creation of store image and store attitude.The Research Journal Of The Costume Culture,23(3), 400-411. https://dx.doi.org/10.7741/rjcc.2015.23.3.400 Shahin Sharifi, S. (2014). Impacts of the trilogy of emotion on future purchase intentions in products of high involvement under the mediating role of brand awareness.European Business Review,26(1), 43-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-12-2012-0072 Tabasum, M. I., Rabbani, M., Muhammad Asif, F. (2015). Impact of Salesmen Personality on Customer Perception and Sales.Global Journal of Management And Business Research,14(8), 1-7. Tantanatewin, W. Inkarojrit, V. (2016). Effects of color and lighting on retail impression and identity.Journal Of Environmental Psychology,46, 197-205. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.04.015 Yeung, G. Ang, K. (2015). Online Fashion Retailing and Retail Geography: The Blogshop Phenomenon in Singapore.Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie,107(1), 81-99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12129 Zarley Watson, M. Yan, R. (2013). An exploratory study of the decision processes of fast versus slow fashion consumers.Journal Of Fashion Marketing And Management: An International Journal,17(2), 141-159. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-02-2011-0045

American Public Policy Promise Performance ( B Guy Peters ) free essay sample

Reviews work on content processes of govt. policy-making, interest groups, issue selection, Congress. This research reviews the book by B. Guy Peters, entitled American Public Policy: Promise and Performance (1993). The underlying themes of the work will be discussed and their implications for the policymaking process will be scrutinized. As Peters notes, government in the United States has grown from a simple night watchman state to an immense network of organizations and institutions affecting almost every aspect of daily life (p. 3). Government in the United States is huge and complex. The institutions that play a role in formulating governmental policy are achieved now through an overlapping patchwork of governments, public corporations, private corporations and a multitude of other public and private organizations. Today, more than 83,000 separate governmental agencies exist in the United States. And the policies that these..