Political, Societal And Economic Factors - 1350 Words

6. What political, societal and economic factors are important in this country? ECONOMIC SOCIETAL When it comes to the societal aspect of the country of Qatar, its residents have been divided into three different groups. the Hadar, Bedouin, and Abd. The Bedouin group can actually trace their descent back from the nomads of the arabian peninsula, where the Hadar groups ancestors were settled town dwellers. Although these individuals are of separate societal groups, some of the Hadar are descendants of the Bedouin group. Most of these residents descend from migrants from the present-day Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan and are occasionally referred to as ‘Irani-Qataris.’ The Abd group also known as Alabd formally, the literal translation of this group name means â€Å"slaves.† These individuals are descendants of slaves brought from east africa many years ago. Every member of each of these Qatari groups have the right to a non-challenged citizenship. Although they are free to live a good life in Qatar; their sociocultural differences among all of them do not go unnoticed, and are recognized and acknowledged on a day to day basis. POLITICAL The Qatari as a whole are of an â€Å"emirate,† which is ruled by an Emir. Since the start of Qatar’s independence, this country’s rulers have been of one particular family known as ‘Al Thani’ The Emir, several of the cabinet ministers, as well as officials of high ranking -- are all members of the Al Thani Family. This large kin group, filledShow MoreRelatedSocial Policy: Supporting Children in Care and Adult Care Leavers1445 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessary information on how to survive within the economy. Because of their societal state, they are incapable of acquiring employment opportunities to facilitate satisfaction of their needs. This vulnerable situation of the young society members makes it crucial for the application of this policy. Implementation of the policy would allow these young individuals to avoid exploitation, abuse, and violent practices from other societal members. Results show that study care leavers were more likely to haveRe ad More PEST Analysis (Political, Economic, Social Technical Analysis)636 Words   |  3 PagesPEST Analysis (Political, Economic, Social Technical Analysis) A PEST analysis (also sometimes called STEP, STEEP or PESTLE analysis) looks at the external business environment. In fact, it would be better to call this kind of analysis a business environmental analysis but the acronym PEST is easy to remember and so has stuck. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Sociocultural and Technological. (Technological factors in this case, include ecological and environmental aspects - the second E inRead MoreLiberalism, Mercantilism, Structuralism And Constructivism1422 Words   |  6 PagesWhen approaching political economics, there are a variety of places and perspectives one may begin from, the most common of which being identifiable as Liberalism, Mercantilism, Structuralism and Constructivism. Each of these political ideologies represent the culmination of works from many famous theorists and intellectuals, all of which help us to better understand how certain economies have the possibility of functioning in different situations. Focuses range from the power of the individual toRead MoreChapter Of Manifesto Of The Communist Party Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesManifesto of the Communist Party, by using the word class this would imply ordering people into societal groups. 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Understanding wealth distribution across societal classes, quality of life and contentment, and the environmental health of a nation, are all crucial components in formulating a moreRead MoreGlobalization of the Economy1729 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic globalization has voluminous positive influences on international security as well. The most important effect of economic globalizat ion is that it curbs the authority of state. It also reduces states’ dependence on military based security and ultimately reduces states’ monopoly on security. This effect is considered by many, a prime factor contributing towards peace and stability. There are number of factors associated with economic globalization which affects states authority. FirstlyRead MoreEnvironmental Scan1350 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful company and needs to be managed accordingly. Environmental scanning is the first phase in strategic planning management. Environmental changes, whether external or internal can pose major problems for a company. A scan of environmental factors provides a better understanding of current trends and what causes things to change. An analysis of this information can ensure long-term stability and orientation for any business. This paper will explain the element of environmental scanning andRead MoreThe Causes Of Poverty And Underdevelopment1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthose types of social, economic, and political systems that have developed in Western Europe and North America† (as cited in Chandra Sharma, 2015, p. 210). The modernisation theory regards poverty and underdevelopment as a result of a traditional societal system (Greig et al., 2007). This theory believes that the rich developed countries are wealthy because they practice the accurate form of contemporary beliefs and values rather than following their traditional societal practices. The theory impliesRead MoreThe Necessity For Security Within The State1717 Words   |  7 PagesCaitlin McCallar Political Science 1150 Short Paper/Research Paper The Necessity for Security within the State and for Individuals within the State. Summary Security is an important measure that we must take in order to preserve the survival of the state and its population. The summary of the paper includes what each component of security within the national security system is: military, economic, environmental, and human security, and also states why it is an important aspect ofRead MoreAfrican culture1286 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships can exists between the members of two different societies. There are Seven institutionalized societal relations and they are Kinship, Alliance, Government, Inequality and Equality, Feudality, Association, and Exchange of Goods. These roles are a guide of a superiority and inferiority statuses. Chapter 2 This chapter opens into the topic of â€Å"Power.† Power is an important key factor for an individual or within a group. People with power has an advantage of having a better life than others

My Family Day At Home Essay - 909 Words

Many people called Sunday as a family day, which the family has a joyful day to gather around. But for me, it happened when I was in second grade, a day that made me have mixed feelings. Having a relaxed Sunday with a delicious meal for lunch at home was really great. My brother and I were both enjoying the food that mom cooked for us. Watching TV while we were eating was our specify action as always. But sometimes, if you are too concentrated on it, you will get a bad consequence. I accidentally moved the plate and it fell on the floor because I was too relaxed. My mom recognized something just happened outside, she came out from her bedroom immediately. â€Å"Stand right here and don t even move!† my mother said. After she said that, she went back to our house and shut the door. This had just happened in a minute, and everything changed. I got kicked out from my mother. I was standing by the door outside of our home, facing my neighbor’s house and do nothing. Few minutes later, someone came out from their house. He was one of my neighbors. I felt so embarrassed because I bet he knew that I got kicked out by my mom. Even though it was really awkward to have a greeting like this kind of situation, but he still smiled at me when he was walking into the hallway. It was just too bored to stand outside and do nothing, and, I bet my mom supposed me to think about what I did wrong. But I didn t. So, I decided to do something without my mother knew it. I started to walk around onShow MoreRelatedThe Perfect Family Became A Broken Home1101 Words   |  5 Pagescoming back, whimpered my dad. At that moment, that is all we ever knew. It was all anyone ever knew. The perfect family became a broken home in 2009, but not just any broken home. It became a home searching for a renewing, searching for a reconnection. With whom? Well, we did not quite know that answer at that point of our beautiful tragedy either. From the alcoholic father, to the sleepless mother, I grew up in a family that seemed perfect enough for me. My dad, my mom, my sister Charli, and I spentRead MoreIs Home Valuable? Home?1623 Words   |  7 Pagesabout our homes, we often like to describe the aspects within our home that have value to us. We always have some aspect within our home that we value, whether it be our home itself or the memorabilia within it. Either way, we all value our homes differently depending on our perspective of what is valuable. Now it is quite interesting because home, in physical terms, is just a shelter to us so what is it that really makes home valuable? To me, home is so valuable because of the family within yourRead MoreEssay about Family Values, Personal Values870 Words   |  4 Pages Family Values and Unity There are so many various types of people with different ethnic backgrounds, culture and manner of living that are the cause of distinct values in a family. 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Applied Business Research and Ethics

Question: Discuss about theApplied Business Research and Ethics. Answer: Introduction Ethical dilemma is one of the most important issues faced by corporate houses in the current year (Rescher 2014). Corporate social responsibility is one of the most critical and the most strategic aspects that companies have to observe and follow. It is an important duty and responsibility for a company that is assesses the impact of its operations on the environment and the social community. Various legislations and corporate rules make it necessary for the company to work in an ethical manner. Companies have to be careful and aware of the fact it casts minimal amount of negative impact on the environment and the social community. Ethical dilemma refers to a complex situation that involves a major conflict between moral obligations and material interests. It involves conflicting thoughts and emotions (Tnnsj 2013). Situation One of the ethical dilemmas that were recently encountered was at Philipps Cigarette Company. Philipps Cigarette Company is a famous Australian company that has branches all over the world. One of the branches of the company is located in Doha, Qatar. The company enjoys high profitability value and market share globally. As an executor officer, one of the Key Performance Index of the company is the ability to increase the sales of the product and consequently boost the profitability of the company. It is important that the product is advertised and marketed in an effective way so that the product is accessible to the masses and more people are aware of the product. Therefore, as the executive office of Philipps Cigarette Company it is important that the cigarettes sales are increased. One of the key performance indicators is the ability of to increase the sales of the cigarettes of the company. Profit maximization and sales maximization are one of the primary objectives and goals of the company. However, the strategies adopted to fulfil these objectives are done at the cost of the social community and environment. Consumption of tobacco is injurious to health and it requires to rocket science to realize this fact. Cigarette smoking is injurious to health and the sales of cigarette exposes the masses to the perils of major health ailments like cancers, asthma etc. It also contributes to increased pollution level. Thus, the objective of increasing the sales of cigarettes of Philipps Cigarette Company comes at the cost of the health of the public and the masses. It is a perfect example of ethical dilemma, where moral values conflicts with material interests. In this case, the goals and objectives of the company to increase the profit and sales of the company was being done at the cost of the health of the masses, especially the youths. During the General Meeting of the company that took place in Doha on 16th January 2016, certain goals and objectives of the company were discussed. The CEO of the company, Martin Guptil, product manager of the company Jesse Ryder, and the research analyst of the company, Babar Zardan were the key members that were involved in the meeting. The company decided to increase the sales of the company by 20% with a 15% increase in the profit index of the company. The company decided on introducing a menthol flavour of the cigarette of the company in the market. It was depicted that according to surveys, consumption of tobacco had increased by 35% in Doha. This reflected on the bright chances of the success of the product. During the discussion in the meeting, one of the key roles assigned as an executive officer was the increase in the sales of the company. This was a major cause of the concern since it involved adverse and detrimental effect on the social community. Corporate Social Responsibility is one of the major responsibilities of a company. According to accounting standards and corporate rules, it is very important that companies operate in an ethical way and observe all the rules and regulations that reduce the negative impacts on the society and the environment. With the rise in ethical consumerism, it is important that companies fulfil their roles and duties in an ethical way. They need to produce goods that does not cause harm to the society and also promotes sustainable development. It is important that companies promote principles of sustainability ad environment preservation and conservation. However, the financial goals and objectives of the company directly contradicted corporate social responsibilities and ethical and social values. It was exposing the generation to mass destruction and encouraged the addiction of tobacco among the masses. The feelings and emotions were in severe tussle. The mental faculties experienced conflicting thoughts and emotions where moral values were transgressing the economic and financial interests. Professional duties and responsibilities were in direct contravention with the moral code of conduct. The target was to fulfil duties in an ethical way. However, this was not an easy task since the company was a cigarette company and the products in moral sense, were unethical. Therefore, obtaining a solution to overcome this ethical dilemma was not an easy task. One solution attained to overcome the moral dilemma was the printing of statutory warning on the cigarette packets in a more effective and pictorial way to make the masses aware of the adverse of consumption of tobacco. This could be one way, where the company could strike a balance between achieving corporate social responsibility goals and financial goals of the company. On a scale of 10, the decision would be 7 out of 10. The rationale behind such rating was that, despite the satisfaction of overcoming the ethical dilemma by providing statutory warning, promoting and advertising cigarettes and the sale of cigarettes was unethical in a great way. Analysis of Ethical Dilemma Ethical theories would shed critical light on the ethical dilemma and would help to analyze the ethical dilemma more effectively and efficiently. The area of ethics is systematized and describes the right and the wrong behaviour to individuals. These are ethical theories. The use of normative ethical theories will help to shed critical light on the topic. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a normative, empirical ethical theory, which throws light on the concept of right and wrong. The principle of Utilitarianism is based on the fact that the right action and the value of the action would depend on the overall benefit it provides to the larger group of people. Therefore, the principle is based on the overall effect an action has to the majority of the community (Hursthouse 2013). The principle outlines the fact that the greater happiness is estimated for greater people. According to this principle, it has to review its strategies and approach so that it produces positive results and reduces the adverse effects it has on the environment (Frederiksen and Nielsen 2013). According to the ethical dilemma, Philipps Cigarette Company wants to maximize the benefit for the company by maximizing the profit and sales of the company. However, the strategy and the underlying actions that are required for attaining the objectives of the company is considered to be unethical and immoral. Some of the major features of the principles of Utilitarianism is that it considered happiness as well as unhappiness. Therefore, from this viewpoint, it is seen that the happiness of the company in achieving the profit is attained by causing unhappiness to the environment and social community (Attfield, 2014). The increased pollution level is the root cause for health issues and abnormal environmental conditions. The health hazards caused by consumption of cigarettes do cause distress and grief to the social community. The utilitarianism concept does shed critical light n the fact that the grounds of moral conduct and ethical practice does differ from person to person. The con cept of acceptability of moral conduct does depend on contexts. A moral conduct might depend on the situation. This ethical theory does provide critical information on the fact that it does provide a flexible and a simple solution to arrive at decision within an organization. There are certain criticisms that are made against this ethical theory. One of the criticisms that are made against this theory is that it is very subjective in nature and depends from person to person (Finlay 2014). As such, it can be seen that though the sale of cigarettes to public may be immoral and unethical from the viewpoint of the public. However, from the viewpoint of the public it can be seen that such act is a commercial activity and is a part of the strategy of the company to increase its profitability and stress heavily in the growth and expansion of the company. Therefore, one can see the contraventions between the viewpoint of the public and the viewpoint of the company. There is lack of conclusi ve standpoint on which a decision can be made. The strategy of the company cannot be abolished and treated with abominations since the principle of utilitarianism is an out and out subjective concept. There are no strong grounds on which the strategies and approaches of the company can be treated as illegal. Egoism The concept of egoism deals with interest of a subject and it might include the interest of others if it facilitates the fulfilment of the needs and desires of a subject. Egoism is a normative ethical theory that highlights that a person is considered to commit a moral act if the act is done to promote and encourage the self interest of a person(Dion 2012). It is an important concept that outlines the principles of ethics and how a person reacts to situations and makes a conscious effort to follow moral conducts. The criticism of this theory is that it ignores and only pays stress on the individual rights and interests of a person. It does not consider wrong doing or immoral conduct. This ethical concept deals with the interest and desires of an individual and the maximization of the interest of an individual. According to this theory, a person is an actor with limitations in objective and knowledge. As per the given situation, the self interest of the cigarette company will overhaul the interest of the social community. It can be seen that the cigarette company will stress on the interests of the company and the scope of growth and profitability of the company in the longer run. It can be viewed that while implementing strategies and methods, the company will majorly stress on the goals and objectives that it wants to achieve in the longer run (Melden 2013). It will ignore the interest and the harmful impact it causes to the health of the public and the environment. It will overlook the principles of sustainability and morality since it will contravene and contradict with the interest and goals of the objectives (Gotthelf and Lennox 2014). It will only imply on implementing those strategies where the social community and the company will have a common goal. The company has limited objective and knowledge and will act on those points where it affects the company. The theory highlights a very self centred approach that the company adopts. The only objective and goal of the company is the maximization of its interest and goals that will have a significant in the increased profitability and growth of the company in the longer run. If it is analyzed from the viewpoint of the company, then the action is morally correct and proper since it promotes the interest of company in the long run. At the same time, the company does not compel people to buy the product and it only attracts people from its advertisement. As such, the company is not making any deliberate and conscious effort to harm the interest of others. Theory of Rights and Duties Theory of rights and duties is an important normative ethical theory that stress on the importance of safeguarding and highlighting the importance of rights and duties of human beings. It is important that specific attention is given to the rights and duties of people (Reidenbach and Robin 2014). According to this theory, the rights and duties of people are important. The inherent quality of a person is dignity and therefore it is important that a person is treated with dignity and respect and in the process there should be major implication given to the fact that humans should be treated as the end and not the means to achieve the end (Cuguer-Escofet and Fortin 2014). As such, the rights and duties should be given paramount importance and it has to be realised that the social community is an external stakeholder and ethical practices involve giving value to the social community. Taking the case of Philipps Cigarette Company, it has to be assessed that the company treats human to mee t its end and adopts unethical strategies to accomplish the goals and objectives of the company. It does not follow the universal law that a person should act in such a way that it wants others to do. The company would never want the interests and goals of the company to be adversely affected. However, it does not follow the same ideals and tries to maximize its profit based on the downfall of the social community. It does not safeguard and uphold the rights and freedom of people. Reflection According to the ethical theories discussed in the earlier sections, I was moderately happy with the decision I made. The reason why I was happy was because, I was able to give some attention to the rights and duties of the people and was able safeguard and uphold the interest of the people. According to theory of Utilitarianism and egoism my decision to create awareness to the people could somewhat uphold interests of the people and in the process I was able to ignore that notion that human were not the means to achieve the ends. Sufficient attention was given to the people regarding their interests and benefits. My decision was correct in the light that there was considerable value given to the benefits of the people. According to theory of egoism, I was not very happy since I felt that despite all the safety measures taken to avoid the harmful and detrimental impact on the people, it was not sufficient to treat the people with dignity. It was not sufficient to uphold the rights and duties of the people. The adverse impact of consumption of cigarettes and tobacco would still have a harmful impact on the people and in the process it will abuse the rights and duties of people and thereby cause major hassle to people. I felt that people were being used as the means to meet the ends of the company. The interest of the people would be met at the cost of the well being of the people. If such circumstances occurred in future, I would never repeat the decision again since I feel it is an unethical practice and a wrong approach to meet the interest of the people. I would make sure that such dire straits do not arise in future. My rationale for this statement would be circulating around the fact that human is an indispensable element and they should be valued and the interests of the people should be safeguarded. The interest of the company and interest of the social community should go hand in hand. Conclusion It can be seen that ethical practice is a must for any company in this current age. Ethical dilemma is a major issue that needs to be evaluated and assessed and therefore, there has to be special attention that needs to be given to the promotion of ethical practice. the application of ethical theories is important as it guides the decision making of individuals working ain an organization. Reference List Attfield, R., 2014. Environmental ethics: An overview for the twenty-first century. John Wiley Sons. Cuguer-Escofet, N. and Fortin, M., 2014. One justice or two? A model of reconciliation of normative justice theories and empirical research on organizational justice. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(3), pp.435-451. Dion, M., 2012. Are ethical theories relevant for ethical leadership?.Leadership Organization Development Journal,33(1), pp.4-24. Dion, M., 2012. Are ethical theories relevant for ethical leadership?.Leadership Organization Development Journal, 33(1), pp.4-24. Finlay, S., 2014. Confusion of tongues: A theory of normative language. Oxford University Press. Frederiksen, C.S. and Nielsen, M.E.J., 2013. Ethical Theories. InEncyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility(pp. 1071-1078). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Gotthelf, A. and Lennox, J.G., 2014. Metaethics, Egoism, and Virtue: Studies in Ayn Rand's Normative Theory. Honneth, A., 2014.Disrespect: the normative foundations of critical theory. John Wiley Sons. Hursthouse, R., 2013. Normative virtue ethics. ETHICA, 645. LaFollette, H. and Persson, I. eds., 2013. The Blackwell guide to ethical theory. John Wiley Sons. Melden, A., 2013.Ethical theories. Read Books Ltd. Reidenbach, R.E. and Robin, D.P., 2013. Toward the development of a multidimensional scale for improving evaluations of business ethics. InCitation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 45-67). Springer Netherlands. Rescher, N., 2014. A System of Pragmatic Idealism, Volume II: The Validity of Values, A Normative Theory of Evaluative Rationality (Vol. 2). Princeton University Press. Tnnsj, T., 2013. Understanding ethics. Edinburgh University Press Tnnsj, T., 2013. Understanding ethics. Edinburgh University Press

Uncertainty and Evaluation of Public Investment †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Uncertainty and Evaluation of Public Investment. Answer: Introduction: Superannuation fund in the service sector is provided to enable individuals to have safe and secure retirement. This investment approach has been promoted from past twenty years to ensure secure future for employees. Strategies investment is essential for tertiary sector employees because they have shorter employment period as technology is continuously changing, and they get early retirement in comparison to other business sectors. The government also encourages it and supports it through tax benefits. Minimum standards are set by the government for the contribution for employees as same time for the management of superannuation funds (Cummings, 2016). It is compulsory for the employees of the service sector to make superannuation from their wages and salaries. They are encouraged to add on superannuation contribution with an outstanding contribution, containing changing their wages or salaries into superannuation contributions. However, they are not mandatory to invest in the speci fic fund as for this purpose; they have two primary options description of which are enumerated as below: It is retirement plan that employer sponsors, where employees profits are calculated using a formula that relates to factors like history of salary and length of employment. Some rules and regulations show by when and what method an employee can withdraw his funds by avoiding penalties (Basu and Andrews, 2014). This option provides a guarantee of benefit and payment on retirement. Benefits can be given as withdrawn as monthly payment all through employees lifetime or a sum total of the amount on retirement. This plan delivers retirement income, and this amount lasts all through retirement age which also makes budgeting easier. It is an almost risk-free investment as returns or maturity benefits are pre-defined through which investor is not required to borne any kind of risk during the tenure of investment. Payment options under this plan are as follows: Single life annuity Survivor annuity Lump sum payment In this option, the investor gets fixed amount on a monthly basis after their retirement and till their death. However, it cannot be transferred to the beneficiary of the diseased party. In this option also investor get fixed amount on a monthly basis after their retirement and till their death but after death, this amount will be provided to the beneficiary or surviving partner of the diseased party. In this option, fixed amount is received at the time of retirement inclusive of interest and principal amount. On the basis of benefits, there is fluctuation in the monthly instalment to be paid by tertiary sector employee. In this option, the return of investment increases with the increase in tenure and amount of monthly instalment. Investment choice plan In this type of plan, an individual can choose to invest as per their customised needs. Nearly all superannuation funds will offer a variety of investment options to choose from. These options vary at their level of risk. In this option, it is necessary for an investor to understand that how and where the superannuation money is invested. Multiple investment portfolios are also the opportunity to spread super money (Chant, Mohankumar and Warren, 2014). One benefit of investment earning is that they are taxed in a different way to other income. Selection of option helps in investing super that offers a diversified mixture of investments. This option makes them enable to invest in a blend of the single asset class in which each option includes different risk and returns policy and suggest different investment time frames. Four investment strategies covered in this option is as follows: Secure fund Share fund Trustee fund This is the least risk and return containing option. This is similar to defined benefit plan but with higher returns. This is the most risk and return containing option. In this value of investment fluctuates as per market condition without any guaranteed covers. In this option, the amount is invested by a broker who is considered as trustee of investment till the retirement of the employee. The trustee in this option is investment expert to attain optimise return. Factors affecting selection of investment plan Following factors are required to be considered by employees for the tertiary sector for selection of investment plan: Risk appetite: The capability of bearing risk differs from person to person, depending on factors such as financial duties, responsibilities, Further considering ability to take risk becomes an essential factor in investment decision making (Barton and Wiseman, 2014). However, if the individual does not want to bear higher risks, then they can choose defined benefit plan because it contains predetermined benefits without any fluctuation. Further, if the person intends to invest the super and has the capacity of bearing risk, then they can choose investment choice plan. Investment Horizon: In defined benefit plan employee cannot invest his pension until retirement. The super is secured for the future. However, in the case of investment choice plan, they can invest the amount by choosing the better alternative as per their requirements. Still, risk element is comparatively high in investment choice plan. Investible surplus: In Investible surplus employee has to determine that how much money can be kept aside for investments. It is imperative in selecting from a variety of asset classes because the minimum investment amounts vary, and so do the risks and returns (Gallery, Newton and Palm, 2011). In defined benefit option there is a requirement for the minimum, and fixed amount of investment on a continuous basis, however, same is not required in investment choice plan. Investment need: Investment needs has to be determined earlier to investment. In this, the individual has to identify that how soon they need their money or are they in a position to invest for a long term period (Halim, Miller and Dupont, 2010). Further, they are required to determine that how much money to invest in a month or year to reach the goal. Expected returns: In defined benefit plan returns are fixed, but in investment, choice plan returns depend on how the money is invested, risk level, for a short or extended period of time of time. The longer the time horizon will be greater the returns can be expected. Issues related to time value of money significant to making investment decisions In the present era, time value of money is necessary to be considered by investors because it has a substantial impact on the yield of an investment. As per this concept, worth of currency today in hand is worth more than the currency in the forthcoming year because of inflation and other economic factors (Butt and et.al. 2014). The employees in the tertiary sector will be required to make regular contributions to the selected retirement plan for investment in a superannuation fund. For this decision, they have an obligation to provide significantly to the time value of money by considering the fact of the increase in invested amount with interest earned. The major issue in this aspect is related to opportunity cost in which investor must be assured that selected option is better than rejected choices by obtaining a higher yield. In addition to this, they are required to consider after how much time they will be getting gain from invested amount as the time value of money indicates s ooner is better (Arrow and Lind, 2014). Thus, if they are getting delayed return, then they must ensure that return is comparatively higher. With this approach, they are required to discount the future return to determine its present value in order to select option with maximum benefits. This will show employee, worth of investment in present through which computation can be made for total value of investment. For example if investment plan provides following two options to receive their retirement income Option 1: Take $5,000,000 immediately at the time of retirement. Option 2: Get paid $600,000 every year after retirement for the next 10 years. In option 1, employee will get $5,000,000 and in option 2 $6,000,000 after their retirement. Without considering time value of money, Option 2 seem better because employee gets extra $1,000,000. However, the theory time value of money says that amount paid in future has less worth in present. Thus decision has to be made by figuring out how much option 2 is worth today by investor on the basis of discounting factor. In accordance with the above description, it can be concluded that there is no perfect option for investment in general as it will vary as per risk bearing capacity and return desired by tertiary sector employees. Further, each investment option for tertiary sector employee has its own pros and cons due to its nature. In making such investment decisions, they are required to consider their current financial condition and future goals to justify their investment objectives. By this study, the conclusion can be drawn that if employees have less tendency to bear risk then they should consider defined benefit plan and but if they desire higher and customised returns then they should go for investment choice plan. In accordance with the theory of efficient market hypothesis (EMH), it is not possible to beat the market regarding return on investment. It is because; EMH states that price of a share is affected by all the available information in the market. Due to this factor, stock market efficiency leads to existing share prices that always contain and represent relevant information. As stated by EMH, stocks are always traded at their fair values on the stock exchange (Brealey and et.al. 2012). Thus it is not possible for the investor to buy shares at a low value and sell stock at inflated prices. Consequently, it is not feasible to beat the whole market through expert stock selection or market timing. An investor can acquire significant returns only by purchasing risky investments. The pension fund is a fund which provides retirement income. A pension fund manager responsibility is to implement a funds spending strategy and to conduct its portfolios trading schemes. The pension fund manager has to make sure that pension schemes are running efficiently or not (Keynes, 2016). The fund manager makes sure that the deposits of the maturity schedules occur at the same time with the demand for loans. More attention has to be paid by the fund manager on the main elements of Cost and risk to capitalise on the cash flow opportunities. By considering the above-described aspects, it can be concluded that cited statement is wrong because the theory of EMH does not stipulate that the portfolio selection has to be done with a pin due to the following reasons- The manager has to do some paramount jobs like ensuring appropriate diversification in the portfolio. Well-diversification is essential for the portfolio to optimise the risk and maximise Investment in a significant number of stock is necessary, as one type of stock is not sufficient to ensure diversification (Lee, Lee and Lee, 2010). The requirement of a vast number of investment is needed to get higher returns with minimum risks. Its not worthy to invest all the money in one investment. A well-diversified portfolio is imperative to achieve high yields (in any market condition). For this aspect, it is significant to ensure that the risks of the diversified portfolio are appropriate for the company as well as clients. In the case of the pension fund, the manager has to choose a risk-free investment (Yal?n, 2010). The management must assure that the risk must be according to the bearing capacity of the client and it is not higher than it. The company must choose safe investments in this case. The manager must pick those stocks which are safe and riskless or merge portfolios with lower beta. In such cases, the manager can change the portfolio to take advantage of special tax laws for pension funds. The government gives privately retired plans for encouraging people, and these rules could raise the assumed return of the portfolio without expanding the risk. References Arrow, K.J. and Lind, R.C., 2014. Uncertainty and the evaluation of public investment decisions. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 6(1), pp.29-44. Barton, D. and Wiseman, M., 2014. Focusing capital on the long term. Harvard Business Review, 92(1/2), pp.44-51. Basu, A. and Andrews, S., 2014. 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