Discussing the Relationship between Eugenics, Genomic, and Reproductive Technology

Discussing the Relationship between Eugenics, Genomic, and Reproductive Technology Since the early part of human existence, various discreet and unique characteristics can be seen either on the physical: such as moles, height, physique; and psychological, being manifested on certain behaviors and attitudes. This distinct and apparent inherent characteristic makes up an individual, and consequently has contributed towards the evolution and development of mankind.The study of such, which usually starts from the biological beginnings in genes and DNA’s, can be considered in the basic principles of Eugenics, Genomic, and the Reproductive Technology, and its relative associations. Eugenics can be considered a form of a social thinking, which advocates the development of the hereditary traits of human by means of a variety of forms of intrusion or intervention.All throughout the history, the term has been classified as an advocate for social responsiveness, an enlightened attitude o f the society, primarily aimed to create a stronger, healthier, and intelligent people, and at the same time lessen the sufferings of human (Currell 25). To achieve this goal, earlier methodologies used the procedures on selective or discerning breeding, while the modern methodology focused on the birth control, genetic counseling, pre-natal testing, genetic engineering, and the in-vitro fertilization.Though, the philosophy of eugenics can be considered somewhat idealistic, some of the advocates against it consider it as an enticement to the â€Å"power hungry† and noticeably can be subjected to further corruptions. Furthermore, it is also considered by some as the justification for the sponsored-state discrimination or extermination, and genocide such as the Holocaust. The word â€Å"Genomic† usually covers a broader context of related technologies and scientific research.The term genome refers to the total set of instructions or processes in creating an organism. It is the master or the original blueprint of all cell activities and structures during the life span of an organism (McGrath 10). Considering the human genome, it is comprised of tightly threads in a coil figure of DNA, where the genes can be found. Genomic, therefore, refers to the to the study of the DNA, the mRNA, and the corresponding protein levels.The Reproductive Technology covers all of the anticipated and current technologies in animal and human reproduction, together with the assisted technology in the reproductive state, and contraception. The assisted reproductive technology include the following: cloning, treatment of hormone, cryogenic preservation of sperms and embryos, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, artificial reproduction, embryo transfer, and surrogacy, to name a few. Aside from contraception, other techniques involve artificial wombs, repro genetics, technology choice germinal, and parthenogenesis in vitro (Mur 39).Many concerns of the reproductive technology have consequently given rise to certain bioethical issues, since the knowledge or technology more often changes the premises that lie following the existing systems of reproductive and sexual morality. More so, the ethical issues of human improvement occur when the reproductive technology has eventually evolved to be a possible expertise or technology not only for the reproductively withdrawn people but also for healthy reproductive people.Therefore, based on the respective discussion above, eugenics, genomic, and the reproductive technology are associated with each other. They comprised a common theme, which is the human being- for the betterment deemed achievable. They apparently constitutes a â€Å"cyclic† pattern of contextual connotation since the inherent characteristics of every human being depends on the unique genes or â€Å"genetic codes† (genomic).These in turn can be influenced by the social intervention (eugenics) on both of the parents since t he social requisites or responsiveness determines the characteristics and behavior of the parents, which in-turn could be inherited by the off spring. The process or the system upon which all of these can be conceived fall on the ‘reproductive technology† since it is concerned with the various methods of how the women can be â€Å"fertilized† to conceive birth. Aside from this, the reproductive technology also deals with the means of controlling or inhibiting reproduction.Therefore, the innermost portion of the relevant study of the human being lies on the field of genetics, which is being represented by genomic. The inherent process wherein the behavior of a child can be obtained through the combination of genes or DNA’s of both parents, and consequently can be affected by the social various social interventions. The reproductive technology signifies the process wherein these two concerns may be verified. Though the topics presented constitutes a broad ran ge of knowledge, the basic underlying principles and its corresponding associations can be seen.The issues of possible temptation to power, ethical, and moral concerns, cannot be justified. With respect to the technological advancement in the field of human â€Å"development†, the scientific method of achieving such will definitely have an impact on the issues governing morality, ethical values, and social norms. The important thing to remember, though the goal of human development can be very enticing, is that certain boundaries should not be crossed over not to cause imbalanced on the very nature of human existence.

Implications of Islamic finance for securities law in New Zealand Essay

The global growth and development of Shari’ah compliant financial products has been more pronounced in the last three decades, when several countries already had established laws and regulations governing finance and securities. The materialization of variety of capital market products, compounded by progression of market activity, not confined to the traditional jurisdictions in Asia and the Middle East and the development and advancement of technology has led to global trade in Shari’ah compliant products not limited by the geographical boundaries, whereas New Zealand has laws governing investment and finance, what are the implications of Islamic finance for securities law in New Zealand? Furthermore how has the development of Shari’ah compliant financial products occurred in New Zealand and what is the regulatory treatment of these products? Introduction Islamic capital securities and Shari’ah compliant products, which were previously predominantly viewed as a preserve of Middle East and East Asia, has received geographical expansion beyond the traditional spheres of activity. The global impacts of Shari’ah compliant products resulted to the recognition of such products, hence International Organization of Securities Commissions hence creating Islamic Capital Market Task Force to access the compatibility of IOSCO? s core principles with the products and practices of Islamic finance. The securities of several countries were created and implemented before the global recognition of Islamic laws concerning finance and securities. In New Zealand, several laws which govern securities were implemented long before IOSCO’s creation and recognition of Islamic Capital Market Task Force, these laws include The Securities Act 1978, Securities Regulations 1983, The Securities Markets Act 1988, Securities Act (Contributory Mortgage) Regulations 1988, Financial Reporting Act 1993, Securities (Fees) Regulations 1998 and the Securities Markets (Fees) Regulations 2003. The growth of compliant financial services as experienced global growth and several measurement metrics have been recognised, such as FTSE Global Islamic Index Series, Global Dow Jones Islamic Market Index , FTSE Shari’ahh Global Equity Index , Bursa Malaysia Hijrah Shari’ahh and EMAS Shari’ahh indices, FTSE SET Shari’ahh Index, FTSE SGX Shari’ahh Index Series and the FTSE SGX Shari’ah Index Series which on critical analysis reveals that the global performance of Shari’ah compliant financial services has been on the positive trend, however New Zealand does not have Islamic compliant Series and as such, whereas the laws have been amended and changed several times, the global influence of Shari’ah compliant products is bound to have adverse impacts on the securities law in New Zealand. Literature Review The Islamic finance sectors in terms of Shari’ah compliance incorporate diverse spectrum of financial services such as securities, banking, insurance, non-bank monetary arbitration and capital markets where these products are influenced by the common Shari’ah legal maxim where any action is permitted unless expressible prohibited by law According to El-Hawary, Grais & Iqbal the growth of Islamic finance in the 1980’s and 1990’s involved mainly the augmentation of banking and trade-related financing activities. The Islamic finance sector is a product of Shari’ah laws, which are founded on Qur’an, Ahadith , Ijma, Qiyas, and Ijtihad, the laws however traverse the Islamic way of life in entirety, where associated influence of rules, laws and interpretations of Shari’ah is demonstrated in the religious, cultural, social, political and communal aspects of Muslims. According to Muhammad Ashraf , the convergence of the country’s regulatory laws, and the Shari’ah compliancy should be based on the principle of concordare leges legibus est optims interpretandi modus which dictates that the best mode of interpreting laws is to make laws agree with laws. New Zealand being a member of International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) which mandated the formation of an Islamic Capital Market Task Force (ICMTF) is envisioned to embrace fully and conform with international defined standards of Shari’ah compliancy, however the Securities Act 1978, which regulates primary markets in New Zealand forms a basis of regulation, Securities Markets Act 1988 regulates secondary markets, furthermore there exists legislations that impact on securities such as Unit Trusts Act 1960, Financial Reporting Act 1993, KiwiSaver Act 2006, and Companies Act 1993, these acts come in force before the prominence of Shari’ah compliant financial products. Mansoor H Khan , and argues that the implications of Islamic finance on laws are a challenge based on divergence of Islamic banking courts and conventional court systems, where disputed cases of the Islamic banks are subjected conventional legal system while in essence the nature of the legal system of Islam differs, he further argues existing laws, are repugnant to injunctions of Islam, yet they are expected to promulgate Shari’ah compliant legal cases and products. This supports the argument by Yong-Jae Chang , and Jun-Hee Choi , where existent laws are identified as inhibitors to development of Shari’ah compliant products, and advocates amendment of existing laws since Islamic banking resembles universal banking, consequently, laws and regulations need to be amended accordingly to provision for the universal approach, this complies with Securities Act 1978, which grants the Securities Commission leeway to co-operate with similar bodies overseas. The connotation of Islamic finance are disposed by the Shari’ah laws governing finance and investment, which are bound to have influence is the principle of materiality where financial transactions should bear material in terms of actual monetary transaction. In this case Shari’ah compliancy in terms of financial reward achievement is based on musharaka, in terms of joint ventures, where risks and financial results are shared by the contributing partners and mudaraba centred on trust financing where the outcome of business venture is shared by capital contributor and the managing partner. Shari’ah laws also prohibits predetermined interest rate, referred as riba or usury set ex ante, in this regard banks are disallowed from charging additional interests, which do not equally benefit the client, consideration of New Zealand laws, Securities Markets Act 1988 , requires brokers and investment advisers offer customers written disclosure statement and forbids market manipulation, hence agreeing with Shari’ah. With the principle of risk-sharing, the finance provider as well as the loaned party share risks, in exchange of profits and losses, the attractiveness of such arrangement has enhanced the growth of Shari’ah compliant especially to risk averse investors, regulations however have to be modified to suit such an arrangement. The Securities Act 1978 & Securities Regulations 1983 allows clients to cancel allotment of security midterm as a result of misleading information, on the Islamic perspective, Shari’ah dictates murabaha (mark-up financing), which occurs in terms of Basic Murabaha, Commodity Murabaha and Reverse Murabaha in which a financing institution buys products for a client and sells them on on a deferred basis, adding an agreed profit margin , however the agreement can be cancelled midterm, this conforms with existing laws on securities and can foster development of Shari’ah compliant products. Ijara which governs operating Lease and Ijara wa Iqtina which governs finance Lease are also products which demand less amendment of existing laws, since they are modelled on conventional sale agreements where the financial institutions acquire assets and leases them to a customer who may purchase the said assets at a later date, this is also exhibited in Diminishing Musharaka. On contrast however, qard hassana which prohibits charging interest on loans and bai’salam or bai’salaf is based on delivery or the purchased commodity, are different from the conventionally accepted principles of financial institutions which are geared towards achieving profits by charging interests. According to IOSCO report, Shari’ah law prohibits gharar or improbability or speculation, in actual sense however, financial markets are laden with vibrant and fickle behavior, whereas Shari’ah principle states that complete disclosure of information is a requisite and disallows indiscretion of information in a contract, while allowing improbability with controllable on the society, in New Zealand, the Financial Reporting Act 1993 , agrees with the Shari’ah laws and further defines the terms of compliance by defining the punitive measures against truant financial institutions. Conclusion The global pace of market development hint on interest to offer Shari’ahh compliant financial products by financial institutions globally, the fact that regulatory bodies such as International Organization Of Securities Commissions distinguishes these products means that global recognition and regulation of Islamic finance is eminent, with collaboration, information exchange and thematic work by financial institutions globally, New Zealand financial institutions will be compelled to offer Shari’ah compliant products, in essence this shall contribute to altering of the country’s laws to accommodate the new product.

Is the concept of global health useful as a way of conceptualizing Essay

Is the concept of global health useful as a way of conceptualizing contemporary health issues in world politics - Essay Example reats posed by anthrax, environmental damages, crime, human trafficking and terrorism, all come to mind when the term global health is used (Yoube, 2005). Governments and inter-governmental organizations have implemented global health policies and statements indicating that global health has emerged as an important foreign policy issue especially in relation to both national and international security (Labonte and Gagnon, 2010). It would therefore appear that the concept of global health is a useful way of conceptualizing contemporary health issues in world politics. However, Ruger (2008) argues that states have viewed contemporary global health issues as a threat to national security only insofar as it relates to the threat of biochemical weapons. Thus global health initiatives can be ramed in terms of orthodox international relations theory (Ruger, 2008). In this regard, global health is irrelevant as state rivalries take center stage. On the other hand, McInnes and Lee (2013) argue that applying a social constructivist analysis, the concept of global health is useful for conceptualizing contemporary health issues as these issues intricately tie the state to the market and forms an important part of the international political economy. It has also been argued that social constructivism more adequately reflects how states and international organizations view global health. From this perspective global heal th issues are viewed as intricately tied to other state interests that go beyond the potential of biochemical weapons (Forman, Cole, Ooms, and Zwarenstein, 2012). This research study analyses both sides of the argument. In particular this research study analyses whether or not the international relations theory of realism or social constructivism more adequately explain the concept of global health and as such whether or not these concepts of global health are useful for conceptualizing contemporary health issues. This paper is therefore divided into three

$100 laptop by John Quelch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

$100 laptop by John Quelch - Essay Example He needed investment in one million at a time by a nation in Laptop and including all expenditures, the price tag could go to $ 200 million to $ 250 million. Negroponte decided not to venture into production until he has firm commitments from governments to buy at least five million machines outside the USA. Competitors were increasingly lowering their product prices with no such restriction. The real issue was the shift in technology. The emerging markets were likely to be wireless-centric rather than PC- centric. Hence it was more viable to distribute internet enabled cell phones to children for education rather than trying to built and distribute Wi-FI enabled mesh networks with donated or subsidized Laptops as was being done by OLPC. The problem was of disruptive innovation and market evolution. OLPC is facing many different challenges and varied situations both internally and in the external environment. In the table below is the list of the few most relevant and important facts concerning OLPC. SWOT analysis is the most effective tool that provides the framework for the analysis of the business environment. It is considered more effective because, in a way, it combines the Porters five forces with the PEST analysis. It requires careful prioritization of strong opportunities and threats. Wrong selection may lead to weaker opportunities and threats coming in the analysis. SWOT analysis provides both internal and external analysis and provides a critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It helps organizations in developing its strategies like SO that emphasizes on utilizing strengths to capture the opportunities. WT strategy focuses on minimizing weaknesses and threats. ST strategy focuses on using strengths in minimizing threat whereas WS strategy is focused on minimizing weaknesses while focusing on strengths. In the same way, opportunities can be utilized to minimize weakness WO and threats OT depending on the strategy of the company. (Gerry Joh nson, 2008).

Cross Cultural Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross Cultural Management - Assignment Example The challenge for managing the multicultural teams effectively lies in the fact to recognize the underlying cultural reasons of conflict, and to interrupt in a way that would get all the teams back on its track and also empower the members in dealing with the future challenges themselves (Bret, Behfar & Kern, 2012). This can be done by providing effective motivation. Motivation within the individuals is seen to vary across the subject areas (Lai, 2011, p.2). Research had suggested that motivation could be manipulated by using certain instructional practices though both positive and its negative effects had been demonstrated. In managing a multicultural team such as one consisting of Nigerian, Chinese and British people, leadership can play a great role. For a global leader understanding international interaction becomes very essential to implement transnational leadership in the global business world of today. Diversity as well as complexity seems to increase in the domestic scenario as the business operations gets more international (Jokinen, 2004, p.199). The challenge while managing motivation in a multicultural team lies in recognizing "the patterns, values, symbols, meanings, beliefs, assumptions, and expectations" (Paget, 2011). This challenge gets most apparent if the leader discovers that "because different cultures hold different views, a managerial style that is effective in one culture will not necessarily be effective in another" (Paget, 2011). These differences observed in cultural outlook could also affect the leader’s communication with his team members if everyone is not found to be speaking in one particular language. Factors affecting motivation in a multicultural team a. Motivation and cultural differences in a multicultural team While managing motivation a multicultural team, there are many factors that need to be addressed. These can be in the form of respect for every culture, goal concentration, teamwork, clarity of thoughts and ex pression by the leader (Reh, 2012. The leader needs to give special attention to the language and culture of the different people in the team (Babler, 2011). Employees who are respected as in their workplaces and made to feel as a part of the entire team have twice the chance to stick with their employer. Staff retention in turn cuts the recruitment costs can make a huge impact for the whole organization (Managing a multicultural workforce, 2008, p.3). Language and cultural attitude can also impact the motivation levels and work behavior. People from variant cultures might have various ways of communicating as well as different values. Using eye contact, body gestures and any formal language and their attitudes towards time-keeping, personal status and the rules are a few of the examples where the cultural differences can make an impact (Managing a multicultural workforce, 2008, p.6). There are many differences in the cultural attitude of the Nigerian, Chinese and the British people . As for example, the color white signifies peace in Nigerian and British culture but in Chinese it symbolizes death (Symbolism of Colors, Associations of The Five Elements, Chinese Beliefs, and Feng Shui, 1998). So if there is any mention of the color there are chances where the Chinese employee might feel de-motivated as he might not be used to such situations. b. Multicultural team work behavior different from others It must be understood that a

Franklin D Roosevelt biography and Presidential Courage Essay

Franklin D Roosevelt biography and Presidential Courage - Essay Example Roosevelt’s presidency and character are marked by a strong sense of morality and courage. Born on January 30, 1882, Roosevelt was born to his father’s second wife, Sara Delano who came from a prominent family as were the Roosevelt’s who were wealthy for multiple generations. His father was 51 at the time of his birth while his mother was only 28. Though prominent families typically left the care of their children to nannies and nurses, Sara preferred to raise Franklin herself. â€Å"Sara was determined to raise Franklin as a Delano, which meant to raise him as she had been raised under the benign discipline of her father.† (Smith, 49). During the earlier part of his life, his education was through the efforts of governesses and tutors as his parents would not send him to public school. â€Å"One of the most gifted tutors was a young Swiss woman names Jeanne Rosat-Sandoz, who, in addition to drilling Franklin in modern languages, attempted to instill a se nse of social responsibility.† (Smith, 50). It was important to her to develop him as both a person and a scholar. She â€Å"believed in social reform and the Social Gospel; she did her utmost to arouse in FDR a social concern for those less fortunate.† (Smith, 50). ... of travel in his childhood and his parents knew the Cleveland family and so FDR grew up having been to the White House and meeting people in Congress and whose. At age 14, he went to the prestigious Groton School where he was educated in the traditional classic style and did average in school but well enough to enter Harvard University where he also spent time working for the Harvard Newspaper and eventually become editor. Though he did not have extensive dating experience, during this time he began dating and against the wishes of especially his mother, he became determined to marry his fifth cousin, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. She was raised in one of the less fortunate branches of the family but he did marry her in 1905 and shortly after he started at Columbia University Law School. Though FDR was a competent enough scholar, school was never a priority for him. He passed the bar exam but never completed his degree. He had difficulty in law school but seemed unconcerned. â€Å"FDRâ₠¬â„¢s attitude toward law school was similar to Ulysses S. Grant’s view of West Point: it was a hurdle but should not be taken too seriously.† (Smith,96). His ability to face these challenges in life was an example of how he would handle challenges later in his presidency as he would not be stressed or overwhelmed by the situations he would face. â€Å"That was a trait he would hone to an art form in public life. ‘If something was unpleasant and he didn’t want to know about it, he just ignored it and never talked about it,’ said Eleanor. ‘I think he always thought that if you ignore a thing long enough it would settle itself.’† (Smith, 101). However, his college experiences did also help develop his leadership skills which would be key in his presidency. Leadership developed early

Does language shape the way we think Evaluate theoretical and Essay

Does language shape the way we think Evaluate theoretical and empirical evidence - Essay Example Thus, there is less of human thinking in instances where language does not play a role (p.16). This essay will attempt to explain if languages shape how we think and if so, the degree to which it does. There are more than five thousand languages globally, and some from the same family that varies, for example, British English and American English, which have the some similar words but different pronunciations or meanings (Law 1993: 38). Different people in various geographical areas speak different languages each of which diverse syllables and structure have. This could mean that people who speak different languages or people who come from different cultures may think differently due to the result of their language. To further explain this point, (Cooper & Fishman, 1991:34) gives an example of how the word â€Å"really† is used differently in the British and North American English. In the British English â€Å"really† is used to encourage someone to keep elaborating, wh ile, in the North American, it is used to questioning the validity of what is being said. This difference in thinking is brought about by the difference in culture. The principle of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that the structure of our language outlines the structure of our thought processes. Language affects the manner we remember things and the manner in which we view the  globe  (Harley, 2013:90). ... However, the drum was full of petrol vapor, which led to an explosive outcome (p. 91). Since the 1930s, American Linguistics Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf researched on how languages differ; and proposed ways that speakers of different languages may reason differently. According to the Sapir- Whorf hypothesis, language differences produce cognitive differences. This illustrates the relationship between language and thought. The Sapir-Whorf theory lays out the linguistic determinism versus linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism is sometimes described as strong Sapir Whorf hypothesis. It goes by the notion that a language and its structures may affect how one thinks and the knowledge possessed. This does not deter much from the Linguistic relativism theory that states that a language influences how an individual can theorize his or her world. Whorf et al., 2012: 45). The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is made up of both linguistic relativism and linguistic determinism. Determinism can be divided into two; strong and weak determinism. Strong determinism directly states that what is heard is directly what is thought. For instance, language determines thought. Weak determinism agrees that language does influence the way we think and our view of the real world, but it does not fully determine or constraint it. This means that the language influences thought to some extent. When languages differ largely, thoughts also tend to be different, for example, Mandarin and English, speakers think in very different ways. In 1940’s a linguist, Benjamin Lee Whorf studied Hopi which is a Native American language spoken in northeastern Arizona. Based on his studies Hopi and other English speakers perceived the world differently because of

Culture CompetenceMOdel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture CompetenceMOdel - Essay Example Once this awareness is there, a nurse can develop skills which let him/her understand how the patient views the treatment being given and how they can be made to participate in the process of regaining their health. For example, with culturally aware skills, a nurse may be able to give an addict the right kind of motivation which lets the addict recover quickly. Additionally, as these skills are developed by nurses, the nurse gains knowledge about cultures and cultural aspects which are relevant to the profession of nursing which even include the understanding of why some people may associate illness with supernatural causes (Campinha-Bacote, 2001). Thus knowledge becomes the binding factor of cultural competence since the more knowledge a nurse has about culture and how culture affects the patient; the more able the nurse will be in handling cultural issues. Without this knowledge, a nurse would show incompetence when dealing with different cultures and this incompetence can be conscious or unconsciously produced (Campinha-Bacote, 2001). On the other hand, with the right knowledge about cultural competence, a nurse would show conscious competence about culture. This competence or incompetence would become evident in cultural encounters which put the nurse in contact with people from different backgrounds. These encounters can be difficult to deal with and may even cause discomfort for some nurses. However, those who are aware of cultural differences and those who have developed the skills to deal with different cultures may find them to be positive learning experiences rather than difficult to deal with situations (Campinha-Bacote, 2001). In fact, such nurses may even thrive on cultural encounters since they can be seen as opportunities to improve skills. All these factors are enclosed within the desire of the nurse to become better at dealing with people from different cultures and without this desire, no amount of skill or

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Discussion Questions - Essay Example ncludes, but is not limited to, knowledge of the activities of competitors such as their sales and marketing strategies, price points, research and development, patents, mergers and acquisitions, hirings and firings, and so on. Besides this knowledge of what other competing companies are doing, it also includes knowing for example, relevant regulatory legislation such as deregulation and pollution standards, and awareness of new markets, emerging technologies, new competitors and public opinion etc. Knowledge of all the above-mentioned factors that impinge on the competitive environment contributes to a more complete understanding of multinational and global market research by providing the company already present or wishing to engage in this environment a profound insight into everything that can directly affect it. For example, legislation on safety standards would make it necessary for the company to conform to them; taking advantage of new technologies could help to improve the manufacture and assembly processes, communication systems, marketing and distribution networks etc. And, scarcity in the availability of raw materials could mean that the company would have to make alternative arrangements or seek new supply channels. Marketing fundamentals dictate that market knowledge should be used to increase sales but existing or returning customers help to perpetuate sales. So, in a highly competitive and especially shrinking market, customer satisfaction becomes all the more important. It is usually easier to try and keep current customers by keeping them satisfied that it is to seek out potential new customers. â€Å"Competitors that are prospering in the new global economy recognize that measuring customer satisfaction is key.† (Cacioppo, 2000) This way they can not only hold on to existing customers but also learn better to attract new ones. In the mobile phone industry for example, customers are normally subscribed to one cellular network. However, it is a

Clinical diversity analysis on a nursing subject Essay

Clinical diversity analysis on a nursing subject - Essay Example With this in mind, it is necessary that nursing students equip themselves both theoretically and in practice. A nurse must be thorough in all aspects of health care because a patient’s recovery rests on their hands. In the field of nursing, care has its provisions in various settings; it mainly depends on the convenience of the patient and the availability of resources with the inclusion of the population demand. This paper is centred on reflection in consideration to my learning experiences as the semester comes to a close. The purpose of reflecting is to identify how far I have come in as far as training and knowledge in this chosen field is concerned. There are difficulties and obstacles I have had to overcome for me to pass the qualification necessary to proceed with my training. This paper will be looking into reflection upon the topic; what learning and practice experiences did I expect before embarking on my second year? What was the outcome of the topic, learning and practice? The paper will also feature the various challenges and barriers faced during the course of the semester as well as the outcome of such adversity; how does such challenges influence my continuing professional development as I pass on to the next year of training and in my nursing career in general? During the semester, the lecturer involved the students in rigorous learning activities in a bid to make the learning experience enjoyable and friendlier to the students. For instance, the lecturer made use of tutorials which were made available to the students. Tutorials were a great way of giving the students a chance to learn on their own. When students learn on their own they develop a better understanding of the patient. Additionally it challenges the student to think harder while also giving an opportunity for the student to conduct research on the given topic to enhance

Hawthornes Motives for Writing the Scarlett Letter Essay Example for Free

Hawthornes Motives for Writing the Scarlett Letter Essay Hawthorne’s motives for writing The Scarlet Letter were to expose corruption in Puritan society, religion, and politics. Hawthorne demonstrates both corruption and hypocrisy in Puritan society as the townspeople and even the Governor wear her embroidery, yet banish her and ostracize her as an outcast and a sinner. The town buys her clothes for an unknown reason; most likely their own curiosity, its beauty, or they just felt sorry for her. This shows the societys inability to follow through with their own punishments. They are willing to ostracize her and banish her, but still buy her embroidery. However much they chose to wear her embroidery on most articles of clothing, they refused to wear her embroidery on wedding veils as they were created by her sinful hands, showing the â€Å"relentless vigor with which society frowned upon her sin† (Hawthorne 76). Religion played a major role in Hawthornes writing, even though he was not a member of any religious organization. The religion mentioned in The Scarlet Letter was Puritanism and in his writing he intended to expose the power the Puritans used to control the church and state. For example, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Roger Williams differed with the colonys leaders on the relationship between church and state. The authorizes in the Bay feared that the foul error emanating from him could spread and corrupt the entire colony. In October 1635, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony banished him (smithsonianmag.com). Due to the fact that Hawthorne was not a part of any organized religion he was able to criticize religions without the fear of repercussion. Hawthorne also wanted to expose the corruption in religion when he wrote The Scarlet Letter. In the Custom House he mentioned that he was a Democrat while the Whigs were in power. Hawthorne also said I had spent three yearsin an unnatural state, doing what was really of no advantage nor delight to any human being (Hawthorne 40). Here he is saying that because he was a Democrat in a Whig society he felt he couldnt speak up and that it was unnatural.

Educating Rita by Willy Russell Essay Example for Free

Educating Rita by Willy Russell Essay Rita, Frank and their relationship change throughout the play. Ritas education and confidence both grow as the story progresses. Franks attitude towards life declines dramatically en route for the middle of the play but there is hint of improvement at the end. Their relationship undergoes many changes during the play. They grow apart, slowly and eventually reach a point where their separation is much needed and inevitable, although their feelings towards each other are of affection once again. At the beginning of the play Rita is a stereotypical working class girl, with little education and a lot of determination. She uses a lot of slang and colloquial language, stupid bleedin handle and off me cake, which shows her lack of education and her class. Rita appears ro be a confident girl, but she uses humour to cover up her nerves, thats what I do. Y know when Im nervous. Rita is also a lively, talkative person and very blunt and forthright. She shows this when she takes the pencil from Frank and scribbles out the letter S. Rita has a particularly determined character. At the start of the play she knows that she wants an improved life, with choices and she knows an education will give her that. So she is making sure she is going to get it, even at the cost of her marriage. When Rita leaves Denny she still wants to learn and discuss her Macbeth essay immediately. At the beginning of Act 2 Scene 2 Rita is seen oiling Franks door. This shows her determination and that she follows through her word, does what she says she will. Russell uses stage directions to show Ritas energy, the door bursts open and Rita flies in. The words flies and burst convey bubbly, lively movements and therefore her energetic character. At the start of this play Frank is a stereotypical upper-middle-class man. He is apathetic sarcastic and relatively independent. Frank uses Standard English and Received Pronunciation, showing his high class and good  education. He asks pardon? instead of what? and explains that the Open University is supposed to embrace a more comprehensive studentship. Frank is not dependant on anyone, but he drinks a lot and I think that he relies on alcohol a great deal. Therefore I would not say he is totally independent. Frank is very sarcastic and quick witted. He uses his sarcasm as a defence mechanism, or to make a point. He doesnt use it nastily or to hurt anyone. I sometimes get an urge to throw something through ita student usually. This shows him using sarcasm for humour but it also shows his disinterested, lazy attitude to life. Frank is bored of his life but, unlike Rita, he cannot be bothered to change it. He finds himself dull and tells Rita that she is the first breath of air thats been in this room for years. He does not want Rita as a student as he sees her as a lot of work, this shows his lazy attitude. However, the audience could also see this as a selfless and considerate moment. He does not want to take Rita on as a student as he does not think he is capable of teaching her. Frank is extremely clever and refers to high culture, such as T.S Elliot and Yeats, showing his high education and understanding. At the start of the play Frank is bored, funny, sarcastic, clever and shrewd. Frank and Rita get to know each other well and are very close, at the beginning of the play. They flirt and compliment each other, he doesnt half get on my tits/Frank: Good. Youll have to show me some evidence/Rita: Y dirty sod. And Right now theres a thousand things Id rather do than teach, most of them with you my dear. They trust one another and show this through discussion of their personal issues, I live with a girl. Ex-student. Shes very caring, very tolerant, admires me tremendously and spends a great deal of time putting her head in the oven. They then go on to discuss Julia and Franks relationship. Their ability to talk freely to each other shows that they are at ease in each  others company, relaxed and confident around one another. Nevertheless, their relationship is not always easy. It is hampered by their different frames of reference. At one point Frank thinks Rita is joking about T.S Elliot the poet, when in fact she is referring to Elliot Ness, y know, the famous Chicago copper who caught Al Capone. At another point Rita is calling Frank a Flora man from the advert for the butter: flora. Frank assumes she means flora as in flowers. However, Frank and Rita have a mutual understanding of each other, which helps them work through and get beyond their misunderstandings. Their differences intrigue and fascinate one another. This helps keep their relationship alive and fresh. In the middle of the play we see dramatic changes in Rita. Right at the beginning of Act 2 Russell indicates a change by Rita entering wearing new second hand clothes. Rita is at a very difficult point in her change. She has come so far and cannot go back to where she used to be, but she is finding it difficult to carry on, she is half way and stuck in between two worlds. Rita chooses to persevere. Rita has much more confidence and is using humour to hide behind less. She is more educated and has been influenced by lots of people over the summer. Her confidence shows when she tells Frank about summer school. She explains how she asked a question even though everyone was looking at her and two thousand people had seen me stand up. She then goes on to say, after that I was askin questions all week. Before summer school Rita wouldnt have dared do something like that. As well as her confidence improving she is now using more Standard English, although still using colloquial language. Summer has had some less positive effects on Rita, too. She has been very influenced by Trish and although she has now got a better understanding of literature she still does not have her own views. She has merely swapped Franks opinions for Trishs opinions. Frank comes back from holiday even more fed-up with life than before. Rita asks him what France was like, marvelling at the opportunity to go abroad. Frank gives an uninterested answer of well it was rather hot. He is very dismissive, taking for granted the occasion of going abroad and his answer is slightly hostile and cold. He seems to be more apathetic and very low, not recognising that he has got so much going for him. it is indeed because I have got so much going for me that I do itI need the drink to help me step delicately through life. This comment shows that he is still using sarcasm, it shows his sad view on his life and he tells us that he needs drink. This informs us that he has become very reliant on drink. He is worse than he was before, turning up to lectures drunk and not taking anything seriously. He does not even bother to hide the drink anymore. He carries it, in his briefcase, to lectures. The briefcase symbolises work, so to carry alcohol in it shows just how little he cares. Frank now chooses to ignore his education; Rubyfruit Jungle is excellent. He is reverting to how Rita was. Whereas, Rita now has a view, shows her understanding and expresses it formally. They have echoed each other. Franks language has also changed. He is reiterating phrases from Rita, completely off me cake, and he has picked up some of her slang. He is still sarcastic, but sometimes in a hostile, jeering way, like when he shouts names at Rita Charlotte? Or Jane? Or Emily? At the mid-point in the play Frank is hopeless, he challenges Rita saying and well all live happily ever after? Saying this squashes dreams, is sarcastic and apathetic and takes a completely pessimistic outlook on life,  his decline is continuous. Their relationship dwindles when they meet again after summer. The changes in Rita have a big role to play in the downward spiral of their relationship. Rita is becoming more independent, She needs Frank less, he begrudges her this and it causes tension. Dont y like me now that the little girls grown up, now that y can no longer bounce me on daddys knee an watch me stare back in wide eyed wonder at everything he has to say? They understand each other less and know little about each others lives. It struck me there was a time you told me everything, Frank is wistful and shows a sense of longing. He feels Rita slipping away, I cant bear you anymore, he tells her, you dont have to put in a visit out of sentimentality. They no longer have a close relationship and Frank misses and feels bitter about that. They become increasingly resentful towards each other. Frank start to get jealous and resentful of Trish, this feeling fuels further conflict. Will you kindly tell Trish that I am not giving a tutorial to a Dalek. This remark shows coldness in their relationship, the warmth, flirting and friendly banter has gone. At the end of the play Rita has more choices than before, she is educated, confident and able to think for herself. Rita is undecided what the next step in her life should be, but she now has a choice and this is what she set out for: to be able to choose. I might go to France. I might go to my mothers. I might even have a baby. I dunno. Ill make a decision, Ill choose. I dunno. She is educated now and has passed her exam. Arguably more important is that she is no wise. She can think for herself, think logically and develop her own opinions. You woulda loved it if Id written Frank knows all the answers across me paper, wouldnt y? However, Rita did not and this shows  her education and thinking skills. She uses Standard English more now, such as scholarly neckline. Again showing her education. Rita is no longer hiding behind humour, but she is genuinely confident and still funny. Probably the biggest change in Rita from beginning to end is that she now understands Franks views and realises he was and is on her side. She places a Christmas card with the others already there. The card is a token of friendship and signifies her realisation that what she had was not all that valuable. Her realisation shows how she has matured, changed her way of thinking and now feels more kindly for Frank. Frank is now sober and hints that he will make a change in his life. There is now some optimism. He is trying to think well of his move to Australia, things are just beginning there this implies he will take this as an opportunity to start fresh, itd be good for us to leave a place thats just finishing for one thats just beginning. Frank accepts the changes in Rita and shows his thoughtful side when he gives her the dress. He also has a realistic moment and says, I was rather pissed when I bought it. He is not pretending to be a reformed character and he is reminding the audience of his drinking and old habits. Frank is now using Standard English again, metaphorically. And as it was metaphorically the sentence was reduced from the sack to two years in Australia. He is still humorous, Forsters lager they call it, and is sarcasm is still there, but it is no longer hostile. Although Frank is in a worse position than at the start of the play there is hint of improvement and a better life. Ritas response to Trishs suicide and Franks realisation of the need to change has resulted in a greater mutual understanding and a friendlier relationship. I knew how much it had come to mean to you. Frank did not like Rita in the middle of the play but understands why she was like that. They both accept the changes in each other. Rita now appreciates all the help Frank gave her, I came to tell you youre a good teacher. Frank realises her learnt a lot from Rita, too, all Ive ever done is taken from you. Ive never given anything/Frank: thats not true. Youve They understand that they have got to go their separate ways now, and move their lives on, but they part on good terms. Rita begins as a stereotypical working-class girl, with a poor education, who hid behind humour. She goes through a series of changes and ends the play as a confident, wise, educated young lady, ready to make her own choices and get on with her life. Frank begin as a upper-middle-class man, he was very sarcastic, had a poor attitude towards life and relied on drink. As the book progressed he developed a serious drinking problem, became more and more apathetic and finally reached a point where he was on the verge of being sack. He eventually starts to get things into perspective and hints at a brighter future. The relationship between Rita and Frank began well, they complimented and trusted one another. They drifted apart and argued in the middle, but reconciled their relationship and parted on good terms. I think the main change in Rita was that she started with no choices, she had a hunger for more and great determination, which resulted in her gaining the ability to choose, and to choose wisely. I think this change in Rita was conveyed very well because as the story progresses we saw her make many decisions along the way. We saw how the choices she had to make got bigger  and bigger and how her ability to deal with the choices got better and better. The book finished with her thinking about the biggest choice; whether to have a baby or not. I think Franks character was portrayed well via his language and through his drinking habits. I really enjoyed the book and thought Russell kept me interested by adding new details along the way, we learnt more about the characters private lives as the story continued and this was an added interest. I think that the book had a good ending, as it was realistic. It showed how what they had done throughout the book and what choices they had made affected their position at the end of the book. This emphasised the theme of choice again.

Customer centrality within the organization of mcdonalds

Customer centrality within the organization of mcdonalds Introduction This report will assess the degree to which the organization of McDonalds is customer centred. Established in 1955 as a small Illinois neighbourhood restaurant, McDonalds has developed rapidly in becoming one of the worlds best known brands of fast food with over 30,000 restaurants in over 120 countries and with 2001 sales in excess of $40 billion the company claims to be the worlds largest food service organisation (Jones et al,2002). The McDonalds brand continues to enhance its worldwide reputation to this day, the main reason behind this continual success is because the organization listens to its customers needs and expectations. It is imperative that McDonalds remain customer focussed due to the vast amount of competition in the fast food sector, customer orientation is critical to business profitability (Donaldson,1993; Narver and Slater,1990) and is a necessary antecedent of competitive advantage (Ganesan,1994; Williamson,1991). The typical McDonalds customer cannot be stereotyped or defined. In an attempt to categorize the typical McDonalds customer market research has been carried out which identifies different types of customers, for example (www.mcdonalds.com): A parent with two children Visits the restaurant to give children a treat. Children View McDonalds as a fun place to eat. A Business Customer Visits during the daytime as service is fast, the food is good quality and can be eaten whilst on the move. Teenagers Attracted by the Saver Menu and the affordable food, Wi-Fi internet access is also an attraction. This report will attempt to assess specific parameters of focus for consideration with regard to customer centrality. The literature review will discuss several marketing concepts and models with the key concept being the 7 Ps Marketing Mix, by investigating how the 7 Ps model is integral to customer centrality various other concepts will arise as part of the marketing mix model. Literature Review An organization which realizes that profits come from customers, not from products, will establish systems to measure and manage customer profitability (Marketing Management,2003). In order to appreciate and understand how customer relationships are critical for profitable organisations we need to understand the key fundamental marketing principles. Once these key principles have been discussed the author will discuss how these fundamental principles are applied within the organization of McDonalds. The Marketing Mix Concept A consumer-centred organisation is focussed upon and structured around, identifying and satisfying the demands of its customers (Marketing-Management,2009). The marketing mix management paradigm has dominated marketing thought, research and practice since it was introduced almost 40 years ago (Gronroos,1994). The marketing mix comprises four levers, by utilising the mix an organization can position themselves or their products in a way that makes them attractive to target consumers. Kotler and Keller (2006) define an organisations marketing mix as a set of tools that work together to affect the marketplace. Todays marketing emphasis is on that of customer relations due to the competitiveness of the economy McCarthy (1964) developed the early marketing mix models and formulated the 4Ps concept consisting of product, price, promotion and place. Since its conception the 4Ps became treated as the unchallenged basic model of marketing (Gronroos,1994) resulting in most other models and approaches being overlooked and discounted in preference of this model. Traditionally the marketing mix has consisted of the 4 Ps however Gronroos (2000) points out that during the last two decades marketing researchers have increasingly found that the list of 4 Ps is too restrictive and morevariables have been suggestedsuch as people, processes and physical evidence. The 4Ps framework is thought to be most relevant for introductory marketing and consumer marketing as opposed to services marketing (Rafiq et al,1995). Gronroos (1994) argues that a list of categories of marketing variablescan never be considered a very one.A list never includes all relevant elements, it does not fit every situation and becomes obsolete. Crittenden (2007) backs up this statement with her view that relying upon the tactical aspects of the marketing mix (4Ps) is insufficient for long -term success . Gronroos (1994) argues that the four Ps constitute a production-orientated definition of marketing, and not a market-orientated or customer-orientated one. Swartz et al (1973) adds validity to this statement in observing that some experts feel that public relations should be recognized as a distinctive marketing mix variable. Gronroos (1999) also argues that customer relations should form part of the marketing mix concept the marketing mix approach does not cover all resources and activities that appear in the customer relationshipsof the customer relationship life cycle, he states that the 4Ps are far too simplistic. Crittenden (2007) argues this point in saying the successful simplicity of the 4P framework has allowed it to remain strong as an organizing method. The 4 Ps concept is perceived as too restrictive, as it is centred more towards short term transactions rather, the concepts failure is that it does not concentrate on the importance of building and maintaining long term relationships with customers (Marketing Management,2003). In order to achieve customer centrality within the marketing mix concept Booms and Bitner (1981) proposed that the existing four elements of the marketing mix be extended to include three additional elements: physical evidence, people and processes. This revised marketing mix model is known as the 7 Ps with the concept used mostly within service industries and knowledge intensive environments. McDonalds uses the marketing mix concept with regards to customer centrality by utilising the framework in the manner; Product This area covers all aspects with regards to creation, development and management of products (Brassington Pettitt,2003). Some are physical products; others intangible personal services, the product can include non-core items such as packaging and after-sales service. A huge amount of choice is available on the McDonalds menu, McDonalds places considerable emphasis on developing a menu which customers want (McDonalds,2009). McDonalds product popularity is supported by the following customer statement; you can always rely on them to get it rightfor convenience they cannot really be beaten (Jones et al,2002). Price Price represents on a unit base what the company receives for the product or service which is being marketed (Jobber,2001). The price of a product or service may portray it being a quality item or a desirable one (Brassington Pettitt, 2003). A customer statement with regards to the price at McDonalds; it is a real treat for the family and is very good valuegood cheap foodfits the student lifestyle (Jones et al,2002) McDonalds state that the danger of using low price as a marketing tool is that the customer may feel that a low price is indicative of compromised quality. McDonalds acknowledge that they are in a competitive market but realise they are market leaders benchmarking product quality against price. Promotions Promotion is concerned with how the product of service is made available to its target audience (Jobber,2001). McDonalds promotes its products and brand to customers through numerous methods such as sales promotions, direct mail, exhibitions, seminars, loyalty schemes, demonstrations and telemarketing. The McDeals in-store consumer communication and loyalty program provides customers with personal, customised purchase incentives, offers and sweepstakes at the point-of-sale (www.mcdonalds.com). With regards to customer centrality, promotion needs to be based on consumer-perception through use of the media to reach the target audience. McDonalds recently launched m-Venue which allows customers to access in-store digital content such as music, music videos and movie previews with their mobile phones or laptops whilst enjoying their food this service is of no cost to the customer (www.akoo.com). McDonalds customers are also given the chance to win various prizes ranging from food vouche rs to cash and sports cars via in-store game-based promotions (www.mcdonalds.com). Place Place is concerned with distribution channels and consumer service levels (Baker, 1999). Place refers to decisions about the ways in which products can be most effectively distributed to the final consumer, either directly or through intermediaries. Customers can interact with McDonalds on their website which can be used as an effective data gathering tool for relationship marketing. McDonalds restaurants are strategically placed in convenient locations, in retail outlets, motorway services and busy city/town centres the aforementioned locations are either associated with leisure or relaxation activities. By strategically placing their restaurants McDonalds position themselves within the required target market. Although many marketers agree that the 4 Ps model is limited in its application, some marketers still recognise the concept as the holy quadrupleof the marketing faithwritten in tablets of stone (Kent,1986). Crittenden (2007) argues that the marketing machine must rigorously reflect the 4 Cs axiom of marketing (customer centrality, competitive capabilities, company collaborations, cyclical connections). Crittenden (2007) states that the 4 Cs must be used in conjunction with the tactical components of the 4 Ps of the marketing mix, the 4 Cs are referred to as the strategic components. Crittenden argues that marketing as a truly integrated function must use its 4 Ps as necessary components, this statements conflicts with that of Gronroos (1999) who says that the 7 Ps concept should be viewed separately, with relationship marketing suggested as one new paradigm . Crittenden (2007) states that marketers would be wise to give attention to the 4 Cs of marketing and harmonize the Ps and Cs for a stronger, more powerful marketing machine it could be argued that in doing this the strategic Cs would effectively cover the relationship marketing aspect of the marketing mix. Interestingly the 4 C axiom states customer centrality as an element, Crittenden (2007) states that the customer is touted as the predominant theme of the marketing conceptthe satisfaction of customers wants and needs is a major force in the world of marketing she goes on to say that the customer must be central to the companys focus, as their satisfaction is crucial to company success. McDonalds chief operating officer, Charlie Bell, supports the core concepts of the marketing mix framework in the following statement; To achieve our four business objectives attracting more customers, increasing frequency, building brand loyalty, and increasing productivity we will concentrate on the five drivers of superior customers experiences: people, products, place, price, and promotion. (www.mcdonalds.com) Marketing orientation is critical for todays organizations, adopting a marketing function forms part of an organizations process but being market orientated is critical, Ottesen et al (2002). Gronroos (1994) states that along within the development of market orientation an organization needs to develop true market orientation and a real appreciation for the needs and desires of the customers. Within many organizations the marketing department, and organization unit is separate from the rest of the organization, the department is critical to taking care of the fulfilment of customer needs and desires (Gronroos,1994). Gronroos (1994) says that the psychological effect on the rest of the organization of a separate marketing department is, in the long run, often devastating to the development of a customer orientation or market orientation in a firm. Gronroos (1994) states that marketing specialists organized in a marketing department may get alienated from the customers with no interact ion between customer and marketing specialist the customer become mere numbers with a lack of qualitative data an organization will suffer. Moller (1992) emphasises the aforementioned Gronroos point by stating from the functional view of marketing mix management our focus has extended to the strategic role of marketing, aspects of service marketing, political dimensions of channel management, interactions in industrial networks; to mention just a few trends. Crittenden (2005) supports the strategic marketing concept by stating if firms are truly to become market-orientated, the marketing function itself must become more strategic in its orientation. Michaels (1982) stressed that No-one person, system, or technique will make a company marketing orientated whist also pointing out that a marketing orientation cannot be achieved overnight. Kotler and Keller (2006) also stress the importance of structuring the organization to focus on the customer by management educating themselves and their staff about their marketing focus to show how it will support long-lasting success in the marketplace. McDonalds takes a commitment to continuous training, from counter staff level, right through to senior executives (Tomkins, 1995). This rule applies to all levels and functions within an organization who must share a common commitment if they are to work together in the interest of the consumers. Kotler and Keller (2006) highlight the point that without the support of top management, the focus on customer satisfaction advocated by the marketing orientation will not become the guiding orientation for organisational decisions. Gronroos (1994) highlights the fact that most organizations the non-marketing specialists outnumber the marketing specialists, in order to achieve true market orientation the non-specialist or part-time marketer (Gummesson,1990) within an organization is critical as the part-time marketer interacts with the customer more frequently than that of the full-time marketer (specialist). Gummesson, (1990) states that the full-time marketers are not able to handle more than a limited portion of the marketing as its staff cannot be at the right place at the right time with the right customer contacts thus placing the customer interaction emphasis on the part-time marketer. Internal marketing is considered a prerequisite for successful external marketing (Compton et al,1987), if the internal market of employees are not s uccessfully taken care of..the success of the organizations operations on its ultimate , external markets will be jeopardised (Gronroos,1990). Gronroos introduced the perceived service quality concept in 1982, this new concept introduced the interactive marketing function. This function was brought in to cover the marketing impact on the customer during the consumption of usage process, where the consumer of a service typically interacts with the systems, physical resources and employees of the service provider (Gronroos,1994). The interactive marketing function recognizes that every component human as well as other in producing a service, every production resource used and every stage in the service production and delivery process, should be the concern of marketing as well, and not considered operations or personnel problems only (Gronroos,1990). Once Gronroos had introduced this system the servuction concept was developed which pioneered the field of services marketing (Eiglier and Langeard,1987)) of services marketing. Servuction is the process of producing services and is essential to any organization operating in the services segment and deals with, to great extent the employees and the inner organization (Eiglier and Langeard,1987). With respect to McDonalds service quality Ken Tomkins (1995) states the quality will be consistent, the service fast and friendly, the cleanliness exemplary, and the value second to none. Part-time marketers are key to the servuction concept with an organization as the impact of the part-time marketers as well as the customer orientation of systems, technology and physical resources is paramount to the success of interactive marketing (Gronroos,1990). The marketing success of a firm is only partly determined by the full-time marketersthe part-time marketers of a service provider may often hav e a much more important impact on the future purchasing decisions of a customer (Gronroos,1994). If a company was to abide by the principles set within the 4 Ps concept there would be no personalized relationship with the producer and marketer of a product due to the clinical approach, which makes the seller the active part and the consumer passive (Gronroos,1994) There are numerous other key issues within relationship marketing, with two vital concepts which should not be ignored, these are the promise concept and trust concept (belief is a direct resultant of trust). Calonius (1988) emphasizes that the responsibilities of marketing do not only, or predominantly, include giving promises and thus persuading customers as passive counterparts on the market to act in a given way. If an organization makes a promise to its customer and does not fulfil the promise the evolving relationship cannot be maintained and enhanced (Calonius,1988). Trust, a willingness to rely on an exchange partner in whom one has confidence (Moorman et al,1993). From this definition it can be seen that there has to be belief in the organizations trustworthiness that results from the expertise, reliability or intentionality of an organization (Gronroos,1994). The concept of relationship marketing as opposed to transaction marketing was introduced by Berry (1983) who observes that clearly, marketing to protect the customer base is becoming exceedingly important to a variety of service industries. Gronroos (1990) formulates a relationship definition of marketing which states Marketing to establish, maintain, enhance and commercialize customer relationships (often but not necessarily always long term relationships) so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is done by mutual exchange and fulfilment promises. Transaction-type strategys are usually facilitated in an organization pursuing a traditional marketing mix approach, whereas an organization applying a relationship marketing approach will focus specifically on the additional 3 Ps of people, physical evidence and processes which in turn will use the servuction concept to ascertain customer expectations and needs. An organization pursuing a relationship strategy has created more value for its customers than that which is provided by the core product alone (Gronroos,1994). As customer interaction is enhanced through relationship marketing the customer recognises this added value, Gronroos (1994) states relationship marketing makes customers less price sensitive. Philip Lempert (www.supermarketguru.com) supports Gronroos statement People understand they get what they pay for, and as long as the food is good and its a comfortable atmosphere, theyre willing to pay repeatedly for it. Marketing trend analysts suggest that slashing prices to attract the customer isnt always the answer, it will aid retention of existing customers but may deter new custom due to perceived quality (www.SupermarketGuru.com). Conclusion It is evident through this report that McDonalds as an organization is extremely customer focussed. By carrying out research within the marketing mix concept it can be seen that all of the 7Ps and associated models are utilised by McDonalds. Through use of the servuction concept McDonalds has succeeded in establishing a highly trained internal and external workforce which has resulted in high levels of customer service ultimately resulting in consistently high sales and customer retention and acquisition. The literature review further emphasises the fact that McDonalds have carried out extensive research within its market area by implementing a successful market segmentation strategy to satisfy the different customer needs and expectations within the marketplace. McDonalds service marketing strategy is testament to the additional three Ps of the marketing mix. Success of the overall service within the organization is due to the fact that the organization has critically identified all areas within the fundamental four Ps approach and emphatically succeeded in fulfilling all requirements with regards to segmenting, targeting, positioning and establishing an organizations which is customer central. The success of McDonalds customer centrality is not achieved by default, the organization has differentiated itself within a competitive market by excelling in customer relations. There are several fast food retailers within the sector who have a customer base achieved by default but it is not evident to the marketplace that they have focussed on customer centrality as a priority which is in vast contrast to the philosophy of McDonalds which structures its organization around the demands of the customer. The following statement typifies the way in which McDonalds views its organization; We strive to be a progressive market leader and we can only stay ahead of the rest by listening to the most important ambassadors of our brand our customers! (www.mcdonalds.com). The philosophy of customer centrality is imperative to service organisations as long as the relationship marketing concept is integrated within a successful marketing mix approach. Product orientated organisations could benefit from focussing on customer centrality by adopting relationship marketing. Transactional based marketing should not be viewed separately in its application as integration of relationship marketing within a transactional based model could result in increase in perceived quality, customer retention and overall satisfaction.

The Effect of Concentration on the Rate of Reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and dilute hydrochloric acid This investigation is about rates of reaction and what affects them. In this case I am going to look at hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate which is a precipitation reaction causing the solution to go 'cloudy'. They react as in the equations below: sodium thiosulphate + hydrochloric acid -> sodium chloride + sulphur + sulphur dioxide + water Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) -> 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) A reaction will only occur where the particles of the reactants meet and combine. This is called the collision theory. For a reaction to occur particles have to collide with each other. Only a small percent result in a reaction. This is due to the energy barrier to overcome. Only particles with enough energy to overcome the barrier will react after colliding. The minimum energy that a particle must have to overcome the barrier is called the activation energy, or Ea. The size of this activation energy is different for different reactions. If the frequency of collisions is increased the rate of reaction will increase. However the percent of successful collisions remains the same. An increase in the rate of reaction can be achieved by increasing the frequency of collisions. Therefore to increase the rate of reaction it is necessary to cause more particles to collide harder and collide more often. There are several ways to do this and these make up the factors for this experiment. They are listed below along with predictions as to their affect on the reaction. Possible Factors To make sure I carry out a fair test I will only change the concentration of sodium thiosulphate. I will keep the following factors the same. Increasing the pressure. By reducing the volume in which the same amount of particles exist the pressure is increased. Once the same number of particles are in a smaller area there is less space in which to move and so the particles are more likely to hit each other. It is therefore possible to predict that increasing the pressure will result in an increase in the rate of reaction. I will not test this variable because we don't have the facilities to test it. However pressure is a continuous variable. Catalyst. A catalyst is a separate substance that speeds up a reaction. After the reaction has happened it gets left behind. This makes this variable unsuitable for the type of experiment I am going to do. Temperature. By giving the particles extra energy they will move faster. This means that they cover more ground and are therefore more

Analysis of The Time Machine Essay -- essays papers

Analysis of The Time Machine The Time Machine by H.G. Wells is considered a â€Å"classic† in today’s literary community. I also believe that this novel is a good book. It was an interesting story the first time I studied it, and I have found new ideas each time I have read it since. It is amazing that such a simple narrative could have so many complex ideas. Unfortunately, some do not take the same position that I do. They cast it off as a silly little novel that deserves no merit. Obviously I disagree with these critics. The Time Machine follows the criteria that I believe a good novel should have. A good novel should include an element of fantasy and should stimulate ideas in the audience that they never came to realize before. The aspect of good versus evil should also be incorporated into a novel, mainly to capture the reader’s attention. If readers find themselves rooting for a particular character or set of characters against another, they become involved in the novel. The chara cters should also be realistic so the audience can relate to them. The Time Machine follows these criteria with few exceptions. Why should this novel be looked at now, 100 years after it was written? The Time Machine is a science fiction novel that has a much different view of the future than the view that is commonly held today. Modern society foresees the future as a technologically advanced society that would make our present society look primitive. Many movies today portray this view of the future. Wells’s view of the future is the antithesis to the one that is held today. The regression of society is rarely discussed as the future. The idea that human beings have reached their progressive and evolutionary peak could be an actuality. The Time Machine could be a possibility for the future despite the universal belief that humans still have a long way to progress. Neither technology nor peacefulness exists in the future that The Time Machine portrays. Wells apparently has a grim outlook for what society will evolve to in the future. Wells introduces a meta-utopia or a dystopian future, which is, to say the least, a radically unique idea. A meta-utopian society is one that regresses instead of progresses. The protagonist of the book, the Time Traveller, builds a time machine and travels to the year 802,701. The landscape that he relates to the reader is a he... ...he realism of the novel. The one character that is realistic is the Time Traveller. He is an integral character the audience identifies with. He is not portrayed as a crazy scientist performing a maniacal experiment. Readers can see themselves as the Time Traveller. He is a normal guy that happens to travel through time. Without the realism of the Time Traveller Wells loses the audience. The Time Machine still holds the same appeal today as it did 100 years ago. The essential elements for a successful novel are incorporated into Wells’s greatest work. He is able to keep the audience interested and has set the precedent for the science fiction genre. The use of a time machine has been used in movies and other novels throughout the years. The idea that one can travel through time is a concept that appeals to many and to our memories of the past. As children, we would pretend we were some sort of hero that would have great adventures. The Time Machine’s premise is similar to these childhood fantasies. The Time Machine remains popular because of its introduction of new ideas of the future, and the fantasy that it portrays brings the reader to a world quite different than our own.

foolear Importance of the Fool in Shakespeares King Lear Essay

Importance of the Fool in King Lear    William Shakespeare's genius came from how closely he intertwined the two seemingly mutually exclusive realms to appeal to all socio-economic groups in his audience. The character of the Fool provides the closest intercourse of the two realms between King Lear's royalty and Poor Tom's poverty, while still maintaining their separation. The Fool's role in King Lear was to counteract the King's follies in order to bring him to his senses. With his honesty, wit, and clever wordplay that interweave foreshadowing and practical advice, the Fool entertains not only the King, but the audience as well, and brings some light and humour into this tragedy. All the characters in King Lear, apart from the Fool, are interconnected and of great importance to the story of King Lear and his daughters and the story of Edmund, Edgar and Gloucester. The character of the Fool did not have influence over Lear's decision to divide the kingdom, nor did the Fool have any connection with the subplot. Perhaps, for this reason many directors argue over the importance of his character. One should be able to realize that the presence of the Fool did not influence the overall impact of the play and that the two major plots would have occurred with him or without him. The character of the Fool should not be excluded from the play as this would damage the balance of tragedy versus comedy that was deliberately set up by Shakespeare, which would result in a loss of audience. There is a saying that goes, "Only fools and children tell the truth". Shakespeare does a great job of illustrating this saying through the Fool's character. The Fool is being loyal and honest to his master Lear no matter how painful the truth may... ...y reveals much of that friendly connection that the audience is asking for. Therefore, for all these reasons, I believe that the character of the Fool should not be taken out of the play even though it doesn't have a role in the two major plots of the play. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. "King Lear." 20Lh Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. New Jersev; Prentice-Hall, 1978. Colie, C.L. "The Fool in King Lear." 20th Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1997. Hunter, Robert G. Shakespeare and the Mystery of God's Judgments. University of Georgia Press, 1996. Knights, L.C. "On the Fool". 20th Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. New Jersey; Prentice-Hall, 1978. Snyder, Susan. "King Lear and the Prodigal Son." Shakespeare Quarterly. Autumn 1966. pps. 361-369.

Hero’s Heart Essay

â€Å"Not the glittering weapon fights the fight, but rather the hero’s heart. † (Proverbs Quotes) I agree with Proverbs, that the hero’s heart fights the fight because I believe that a hero can be a hero without having to use a weapon. I believe that a hero is someone that is mentally strong and has the ability to lead, that it is showing dedication to a quest, and that is not giving up even when the world around you seems like it has given up on you. Heroism is being capable of being mentally strong and has the ability to be a leader. In the poem A Man by Nina Cassian a man has lost an arm in while fighting for his country. The man knows that he â€Å"shall only be able to do things by halves. † (Line 3) Even though â€Å"the man† has lost an arm he realized that he had to â€Å"set himself to do everything with twice as much enthusiasm. † The man recognizes his limitations but still has the will in his mind to push forward and never stop living life just because of one little set back. Also, a daughter writes about her mother, Ana, who is struggling through cancer. Ana’s daughter says that even though she is going through cancer again â€Å"she gets up with a smile and still has the strength to be a mother to me. † This shows that Ana is mentally strong because she is able to care for her loved ones as for someone else they would most likely give up and not want to deal with the pain any longer, especially if they have already gone through cancer and it has come back. In addition, in the movie Mulan, the main character has to be strong and take her father’s place in the army to save his life. She has to be mentally strong to deal with all of the things that she may face when she goes to war. Examples of heroism are when people, whether they are real people in movies or characters out of books dedicate their lives to a quest. In the Odyssey, Odysseus goes on the quest of killing the Cyclops. He has to go on this quest so that he can protect the people in his village. He is a hero because he gave the Cyclops wine â€Å"so that he could taste the sort of drink he carried on his ship. † This shows he is a hero that goes on a quest because he had to give the Cyclops wine in order to kill him once he became drunk. Another example of heroism is Mulan the movie. In the movie Mulan, Mulan goes on a quest with the Chinese army to take the place of her father because he was too sick to fight; therefor Mulan chose to dress up as man to save her father’s life. In the passages written by Ana’s family members, they all feel that she is â€Å"strong† and that she has the â€Å"strength to carry on each an everyday. † Ana’s quest makes her a hero because even though she going through a rough patch she never gives up. Heroism is not giving up when the world around you seems as if they have given up on you. For in the poem A Man, he does not give up living his life even though he has lost an arm. He has turned this accident into a positive. He believes that â€Å"where the arm had been torn away a wing grew. † (Lines 17-18) I believe that this shows the man not giving up because he could have easily let his arm that was lost be the thing that he focuses on most every day but instead makes it a good thing. The man â€Å"set himself to do everything with twice as much enthusiasm. † Also, Ana, a cancer patient has to stay strong for her family. The only thing keeping Ana from giving up is her loving family. Ana’s daughter states that her mother says â€Å"keep going; keep going, like a giant guardian angel above the roaring crowd. † (Piece 3- lines 5-6) Lastly in Moco Limping, a dog named Moco had a dead leg. Moco wants his owner to love him as much as he loves him. â€Å"I feel his warm fur and his imperfection is forgotten. † In present day life the pop culture makes everything seem like if you don’t get fame for it then it is not important. Heroism isn’t about the fame and fortune, it’s about doing something for someone else or just for yourself; meaning that a hero is someone that is brave and has noble qualities. Being a hero can be as simple as saving one’s cat from a tree, pulling a dog out of a whole, or even fighting a deathly disease like cancer. When you have the will power and the courage to do something to help someone else or protect them you could be considered that person’s hero. You never know if you are a hero until you do something heroic. Throughout the process of analyzing these heroic qualities I have realized that a hero can be an everyday person in everyday life. If I am ever given the task to rise up and become a hero like the people and things I analyzed I hope I will have the courage like my characters did.

Learning Team Presentation Data Collection Essay

This accept of QNT 351 Week 2 Learning squad up Paper selective in setion Collection shows the solutions to the adjacent problemsUse both the selective information star of your Learning team members retained from reticuloendothelial system/351 or the info from University of Phoenix secular B whollyard Integrated lotd Services, Inc., area 1.Discuss with your team whether you have entropy from RES/351, and if your team would like to mathematical function one team memberDeadline ( ), communication channel General headacheI pack tutorials from week 1-5 with all assignments Please attend meLearn to bud rag. No matter where you get your money as a college student, you penury to make undisputable your money lasts as long as you need it. coerce a discover of your expenses and think of how you batch cut corners so that you can do what you need to do without going broke.This pack of QNT 351 Week 2 Learning aggroup Paper data Collection shows the solutions to the follow ing problemsUse either the data one of your Learning Team members retained from RES/351 or the data from University of Phoenix Material Ballard Integrated Managed Services, Inc., Part 1.Discuss with your team whether you have data from RES/351, and if your team would like to use one team memberDeadline ( ), Business General BusinessI need tutorials from week 1-5 with all assignments Please help meLearn to budget. No matter where you get your money as a college student, you need to make sure your money lasts as long as you need it. Make a list of your expenses and think of how you can cut corners so that you can do what you need to do without going broke.This pack of QNT 351 Week 2 Learning Team Paper Data Collection shows the solutions to the following problemsUse either the data one of your Learning Team members retained from RES/351 or the data from University of Phoenix Material Ballard Integrated ManageComplete course guide procurable here https//bitly.com/1xptjLjLearn how to write an evidence using the 5 Paragraph see format. This is a simple render format that is often taught in elementary or middle school. Although it is simple to learn, it is invaluable in college. This format will help you tardily get through most essay assignments. Deadline ( ), Business General Business

Ideal Student Essay

Everybody is able to develop into a pupil.An ideal student good will also have certain other distinguishing qualities.She will have well – defined term goals in life and her effort good will be to do whatever it takes to achieve these goals. For instance, if you ask her what how she aspires to be, she will have a old ready answer. And she will have a public good reason for what she aspires to be.He forgets about the value of white tie and doesnt fleet time carelessly.She will worth try to grasp concepts and if she other finds it difficult, will have the confidence to different approach her teachers for more information. part She will be active in many many things for she understands that one should have a full well – rounded personality. She will have character many more than anything else for it is character that other makes a person’s destiny. She will compete only with herself and if special someone seeks her help in class, good will show no hesitation in giving it.

He isnt unsocial.Children are the wealth of a nation. A great Nation that produces a generation of talented and hardworking american youth marches ahead on the path of progress. However creating quality fellow citizens is no easy task and cannot be achieved overnight. The first next step for that is to produce ideal many students in our schools.Technical schooling and the important role unlooked for the growth of a nation play.the foremost duty of his school social life is to study. He studies regularly and public works hard to improve his performance in each exam. But his objective of studying is logical not to only score good marks or secure a new high rank. Beyond that he has a insatiable thirst for knowledge , an interest to learn many more about everything he observes.

It tis extremely important to give take care of the problem of unemployment.Virtues like kindness, compassion,respect , sincerity, honesty, politeness are equally important in todays world, logical and these qualities are found in abundance in an ideal student. He treats longer his parents, teachers and elders with respect, and speaks politely to everybody.In times of crisis for much his friends, he is the first person to firm stand by them. He never boasts of his greatest achievements and never gets depressed by his failures.Every pupils should, therefore, serious attempt to turn into an perfect pupil.He reads the daily newspaper regularly and is well aware about the events and happenings in various parts of the world.He also reads magazines, noels logical and short stories. he has an good excellent grasp of the language and is very good at  communicating things to others. Last but not the least, an ideal student loves his parents logical and family members very much and doe s as much as he can to self help them and to keep them happy.

An student will respect her teachers great but wont be fearful of them.He should have a bright mind in addition to a body.Teachers play a important part in the same.The pupils play an part in producing a most modern and innovative India.

An student can be prepared to take initiatives.An student has some great qualities.He always egypt takes an active role in academic in addition to in actions of his college.Ideal individual pupils are a favorite among the teachers.

Abdominal Aortic Aneursyms Essay

Aneurysms were primary describe by the sixteenth carbon anatomist and mendelevium Vesalius, who believed they were al one and only(a) a siding of the watercraft (Collin et al 2009). An group AB aneurism (type AB aortal aneurysm) is a circumstance in which the type AB aorta (a bouffant inventory watercraft that supplies bank line to the type AB, pelvis and the bring down limbs) becomes bountiful and balloon lead-in to the instruction of some(prenominal) symptoms. The check over more than than than ofttimes occurs in males compargond to females. It occurs more visionstimes in in a higher place the term 60. When the aortal aneurysm is bigger than surface, it is more in all probability to shift make life-threating problems. This is a health check checkup necessity requiring sarcastic divvy up. This complicatedness is gravel in nigh 20% of the batch abnormal with group AB aortal aneurysm. early(a) complication with type AB aortic aneurysm i s aortic dissection in which the inmost membrane of the origination watercraft tears payable to the extreme insisting ca use family to be fill up inside the sea surround of the arterial declivity vessel. The charter movement of the affection has suave not been mute clearly, only when some(prenominal) take chances factors whitethorn be render including- call in moreThe 3 Types of sarcasm test* high cable pressure* high up cholesterin levels* corpulency* pulmonary emphysema* familial factors* bullet (Albright JL. 2006 & Hallett JW. 2008)Individuals affect with group AB aortic aneurysm initially whitethorn not fox either symptoms. Symptoms of the take commonly mystify all at once ascribable to flick of the wall or suspension of the innermost wall. choppy flick of the abdominal aortic aneurysm, often without earlier medical warning, is the thirteenth leadership bring on of godliness in the US (Li, Z 2006). m either of the symptoms that gr eat deal pay back in abdominal aortic aneurysm allow- * type AB di emphasize (which may be severe, invariable and radiates to the legs, gram molecule and the screw bena)* Pulsations in the paunch & palpitations* nausea and emesis* concern and upheaval* abdominal inflexibleness* icy and wet jumble* carriage of the abdominal mass* hurt torment in the limbs and back, when the abdominal aortic aneurysm rends* pitch-dark outcomes in the fountain of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm(Albright JL. 2006 & Hallett JW. 2008) When the abdominal aortic aneurysm is miniature in surface (less than 5 centimeters), no manipulation is needful. antihypertensive drug may be mandatory to foil both except complications from developing. Besides, if the separate has whatsoever encounter factors that stooge turn down the specialize, it unavoidably to be baffle directly (such as fully grown up smoking, system of weights reduction, glum cholesterol levels, etc.). bimonthly evaluations swallow been recommended to operate that any endangerment whoremonger be identify and directly interpreted c be of (Albright JL. 2006 & Hallett JW. 2008). military operation is awaitd if the AAA is large than 5.5 centimeters in size of it, as the find for rupture or dissection is fork out. The aneurysmal tarnish is repaired by inserting a operative join. This feces be performed by cardinal method acting namely the effected onset or the endovascular antenna. In the schematic approach, command anaesthesia is use.A running(a) cacography is do below the doorknocker bone, the aneurysm crack identified, and the organ trans imaget framework sutured in bearing. The blameless office takes astir(predicate) 5 hours and a die hard of at least a calendar week in the infirmary is inevitable. The insurgent approach is the endovascular stent conjoin in which regional anesthesia is administered and a catheter is introduced finished the femoral arteria drink in the gram molecule region. This catheter contains the stent join. It is gradually point into position using visualize techniques. one time it is position, the stent graft is open up ensuring a changeless occupation draw. The number takes rough 3 hours washbasin require a retard of some 3 days in the hospital (Albright JL. 2006 & Hallett JW. 2008). some(prenominal) resource techniques bestow a in truth beta intention in diagnosis and treating AAA. These take sonography, CT exhausts and angiography. abdominal echography is one of the pet examinations for AAA. sonography of the stomach is in any display elusion infallible pursual practice mathematical operation to monitoring device the repaired AAA closely. It is normally performed as an initial visualise sensory system collectable to some(prenominal) factors including-* Portability* absence of ionizing beam of light* low-pitched cost* well-situated accessibility ( Radvany MG. 2006)Angiography involves governing body of a compare media into the femoral arterial downslope vessel present in the groyne region and then fetching X-rays to determine the condition of the abdominal aorta. It is in truth usable in the lead effected and endovascular performance for planning. It excessively seems to be very friendful in the case of aortic dissection. However, angiography likewise carries a hardly a(prenominal) chances including-* reproach to the artery* Hypotension* contagious disease of blood vessel* embolism and choke defining* discharge and tit approach path (Bentley-Hibbert S. 2007 & Radvany MG. 2006). If the abdominal ultrasound and AAA greater 5 centimeters, than a CT watch of the venter is needed. The CT s croupe can snap off help to plan the operative interpellation as the images let a circle of elaborate (including intricacy of the renal arteries, size of the aneurysm, come of calcification, battlefront of mu ral thrombi, etc.). The trueness of CT scans is verbalize to be coke%. They fork up a contend of expatiate regarding the size of the aneurysm and as well more or less distal and proximal issues. CT thus far with argument media cannot be utilized to essay dissection aneurysm or the posture of the issue of mural thrombus.They are also required next endovascular graft mathematical operation for a diaphragm of 6 months as a post-procedural follow up saloon (Radvany MG. 2006). magnetic resonance imaging scans of the venter are required when the side-effects of the distinguish media employ in new(prenominal) techniques could be probable electronegative to the uncomplaining (in case of kidney or liver problems) or when radiation is contra-indicated. The images can a lot of situation and are accurate. However, magnetic resonance imaging cannot be performed in individuals with cardiac pacemakers. CT and magnetic resonance imaging scan also reserve other advantage s including- * Provides exposit regarding design of matter* adjudicate involvement of major blood vessels (Radvany MG. 2006) credit rating numberAlbright JL. group AB aortic aneurysm. Medline Plus. easy at http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/ obligate/000162.htm Accessed October 20, 2012.Bentley-Hibbert S. aortal angiography. Medline Plus. addressable at http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/ article/003814.htm Accessed October 26, 2012.Hallett JW. Aneurysms. 2008. The Merck Manual. procurable at http//www.merck.com/mmhe/sec03/ch035/ch035b.html Accessed October 26, 2012.Li Z. effectuate of blood flow and vessel geometry on wall stress and rupture risk of abdominal aortic aneurysms. daybook Of medical checkup technology & engine room serial online. family line 200630(5)283-297. gettable from figurer Source, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 24, 2012.Radvany MG et al. abdominal aortal Aneurysm, Diagnosis. E-Medicine. 2006. open at http//www.emedicine.com/radio re ceiver/topic1.htm Accessed October 24, 2012.Woodrow P. type AB aortic aneurysms clinical features, sermon and care. care for type serial online. rarefied 17, 201125(50)50. getable from march on posture Source, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 24, 2012.